Ancient Egypt The Nile River - 1287 Words

Ancient Egypt Unified in around 3100 BC, Ancient Egyptians developed one of the best known cultures in this world. Egypt, like many other civilizations before and after it, depended and relied on geography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-mile stretch of the Nile. Every year, the Nile flooded because of heavy precipitation to the south and brought fertile soil to the Egyptians. But the Nile wasn t the only geographic feature that that helped and benefitted the Egyptians. With the desert to the west, Mediteerranean to the north, and mountains to the east, the only way to reach Egypt was through the Nile River. But because of cataracts, fast moving rapids in the river, the Nile was very difficult, almost impossible to cross and sail up. Therefore, Egypt was protected from invaders on all sides, allowing it to develop peacefully, for a time. Egypt was divided into two regions, or Kingdoms. The one up north was called the Lower Egypt, and the one to the south was called Upper Egypt. You might think this was strange, because North is usually upper and south was lower, but this was not the case in Ancient Egypt. This is so because in Egypt, the Nile was how they classified Egypt. Each kingdom had its own capitol: Pe for Lower and Nekhen for theShow MoreRelatedHow Did The Nile River Affect Ancient Egypt833 Words   |  4 Pages The Nile River shaped the civilization of Ancient Egypt in many different and important ways, which includes agriculturally, geographically, and economically. It allowed them to grow crops in the harsh Sahara Desert. The Nile River determined where the Egyptians made their cities and settlements. It also allowed them to form a civilization with a booming economy when there was still wooly mammoths roaming the Ea rth. The Nile River was an essential in order for both ancient and modern Egypt to formRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Greatest Ancient Civilizations869 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt was one of the greatest ancient civilizations in human history. Ancient Egypt was the longest lasting civilization in the ancient world and lasted for about 2,500 years. ancient Egypt was able to last so long because of their many great accomplishments. The most important thing that lead to the accomplishments and success of ancient Egypt was The Nile River. Ancient Egypt is often referred to as the â€Å"Gift of the Nile† because of how important the Nile River was to the success and longevityRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Nile River733 Words   |  3 PagesAncient Egyptians were a very advanced and thriving civilisation based along the banks of the Nile River. Developing a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet is proof o f their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. They developed a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet. This is proof of their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. The NileRead MoreThe Nile River-Egypt1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nile River is arguably one of the most important water sources in the world and has an extremely rich history dating back thousands of years. Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization would have never existed. Egypt is basically a whole lot of sand and not much else, except they have the Nile River flowing through it, on it’s way to the Mediterranean sea. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River and it provided them with abundant water, food (fish) and the opportunity to developRead MoreThe Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to800 Words   |  4 Pagesgeographical location, Ancien t Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of riches, providing the main mode of transportation for trade and travel. This paper will examine Ancient Egypt’s relationRead MoreWhat ´s Webiography?946 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment. Ancient history is something I never taught I will be interested in until I started watching the history channel, although it is a prerequisite for a degree course I have always had interest in knowing more about this course and one thing I noticed from watching the history channel is, it has connection with the bible. For this assignment, am going to be writing about; the Egyptian pyramid, the Greece gods and the River Nile. I picked these three topics because it goes back to ancient historyRead MoreThe Geography Of Ancient Egypt1510 Words   |  7 Pages Ancient Egypt was one of the most powerful and innovative civilizations. As one of the six civilizations to arise independently, Egypt eventually became one of the most influential nations that lasted over three thousand years, from 3000 B.C to around 30 B.C Egypt boasted of strong leaders, a rich culture, a hierarchical society, and the source of much of it’s wealth, the Nile. The Nile provided the Egyptians with necessities like food, water, transportation, building supplies, and more. Using theRead MoreTaking a Look at Ancient Egypt1181 Words   |  5 PagesAtlantic Ocean. Africa is known to have many diverse environments, which include arid areas, semi-arid, Tropical rainforests, Savanna, vast swamps and snowcapped mountains in the south of Africa. The first ever civilization in Africa was in Egypt along the river Nile. This civilization later spr ead to the other parts of Africa. The emergence of civilization in Africa provided a framework for most of developments in African history. There were different setups cultural and political aspects when civilizationRead MoreEssay On Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia867 Words   |  4 Pages Though most ancient civilizations settled on rivers, each one tended to be different due to the characteristics of their nearby rivers. Two civilizations that differed significantly from one another were the civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. Not only are the rivers of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt seemingly perfect to compare, but the two civilizations also existed around the same time as one another; meaning that the overall impact of their respective rivers on their societies canRead MoreHistorical Characteristics Of Ancient Egypt Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesmolded by the location of the civilization is Egypt. Egypt is located in Northern Africa and is surrounded by and impacte d by the Sahara Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and running through the civilization is the Nile River. These geographical characteristics play a vital role in the development of the politics, religion, and architecture of the ancient Egypt civilization. Before explaining the developments of these disciplines of ancient Egypt, these geographical characteristics and their

Machiavelli And Aristotle s Ways Of Thinking - 2396 Words

Often when analyzing key political shifts, one evaluates great men who reformed political theory. Niccolà ³ Machiavelli and Aristotle are shinning examples of great men of history, and they both had large contributions to political philosophy. Machiavelli and Aristotle’s ways of thinking varied very much. Machiavelli believed that a prosperous state would revolve around fear. Whereas Aristotle believed that a state that revolved around the principles of trust, and a humble leader were the keys to its success. Although both of these thinkers’ ideas are now partially out-dated as they were written in both Medieval Europe and Ancient Greece, however their ideas continue to exist in modern civilization. Niccolà ³ Machiavelli (1469-1527) was†¦show more content†¦Not without reason, many commentators suggest that Machiavelli was the father of modern political thought or modern political science. One of Machiavelli’s most notable positions was serving as a political advisor to the Borgia family. The family’s name became synonymous with betrayal and murder, as the head of the family was a controversial figure, Pope Alexander VI. Machiavelli was impressed with the ways in which the Borgia family members seized and maintained their power, and sought to advise the Pope in Machiavelli’s own direction, a direct line into concentrated political reform. Perhaps what makes Machiavelli so famous, was his work â€Å"on Principalities† [1512], or as it is now titled, The Prince. The well-known book announced a dramatic shift in a new way of thinking in terms of political power. The political doctrine laid out moral and religious systems of thought. Machiavelli is also know for stating his thoughts on the truth of politics, how the world â€Å"ought† to be rather than how it â€Å"is†. Machiavelli being a realist adopted the that one should fear their leader instead of love him, as subjects love at their pleasure while they fear at the pleasure of the leader in power. He also insisted on violence and cruelty to keep the order in a state, as it creates fear in terms of the leader however it helps avoid

Management Strategic Resources and Operations

Question: Discuss about the Management Strategic Resources and Operations. Answer: Introduction: According to Christopher (2016), the supply chain management in a company triggers the powerful base of competitive advantage among the competitors. It consist of various stages of production, like, purchasing, manufacturing, transporting etc. A successful supply management system in an organization must be able to manage and coordinate the different steps of supply management efficiently. The supply chain management has many roles to play in an organization both internal and external. It includes matters related to transportation, production, scheduling, processing of order, customer service, etc (Verma, Sharma Sheth 2016). In this paper, a case study on Amazon would be considered, where a detailed analysis on the supply chain management of this company would be done. Amazon is an American organization that deals in online transactions being made , with its headquarters at Seattle, Washington. It is one of the most re-known retailers that are in this business and have their business spread worldwide. Overview Of The Organization Amazon was founded in the year 1994, in Seattle Washington by Jeff Bezos. It serves worldwide under its online retailing business. The slogan of the company, work hard, have fun , make money rightly fits in the aim of the organization. It aims at providing anything and everything to its customers worldwide. Amazon is in partnership alliance with many firms and mergers. It has started releasing point of sale data to some verified authors, who gives an example of how well the company is working (Klaus 2013). Amazon has a multi level sales strategy that has set the targets and even build a customer to business relationship. There are 268,900 employees working in this organization. An effective supply chain management has made the company to gain a high response. It has efficient distribution centres and multi-tier inventory that has raised the level of services and sales. Linkage To The Theories Of Supply Chain Management SCOR SCOR refers to the supply chain reference model, and is linked to various business organizations to increase the speed of system implementation, support organizational goals, and improve inventory turns. scor is completed in various steps like plan, source, make, deliver, return, enable. Amazon is a well planned and well equipped company. it follows SCOR that by using all the levels implemented according to the theory. it has a well planned supply chain system that helps the company to plan the process accordingly, well planned inventory system to get the source of the product from, various couriers are linked and distribution hubs are made, good returning policy. all these plans, help the company to earn a good name in its field. RFID RFID refers to teh radio frequenct identification, which uses electromagnetic fields to track tags attached to various products.amazon has done partnership with RFID lab at Auburn University, in order to conduct research into how radio frequency identification would be used in the existing high tech centres of the organization. this would enhance the work of the organization at a greater level. IT in the maintenance of teh supply chain management an efficient information system is needed in order to conduct business online. amazon is well equipped in technology and information system that Linux based core technology. it has the worlds three largest databases and a central data warehouse of 28 HP servers. it uss Netscape Secure Commerce Server using the secure socket layer protocol in order to keep the cresit card details. Analysis Of The Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Strategy As stated by Coyle et al., (2016), before entering into any business, the strategy and goal must be formulated at first. The strategy for supply management and competitive management should have the same kind of aims. Amazon has analysed the huge responsiveness of its customers. In order to respond to the customers with efficiency, Amazon has structured the four main components such as storage facilities, multi-tier inventory management, highly efficient transportation and accurate information systems to provide the correct information along with its supply chain. All these factors explain how Amazons supply chain is successful. Inventory Outsourcing According to Richards (2015), outsourcing helps the companies to focus on the core activities and cost saving of the organizations. Maintaining inventories is costly, whereas when a company has to formulate in such a large scale, then inventory outsourcing is a good option. Companies like Amazon, needs to gain those benefits. According to some managers, outsourcing is not necessary, even when the demand is increasing and the level of inventory must increase too. According to these managers, the company can optimize its service, if the stock is stored and owned by itself. Yet, Amazon managed to outsource only some of its inventories. The popular products that were high on demand were managed and kept in their own inventories, whereas others were outsourced. It is an efficient method for Amazon to outsource its inventories, as it allows them to reduce the cost of storing the products under their own. Price Differentiation To Customers According to Bower Maxham III (2012), the organization that deals in dispatching and delivering items to its customers, need to divide its customers into various divisions on the basis of responsiveness, in order to facilitate different customers with different service levels and prices. Amazon has strategically planned various difference in deliveries till now. It is divided into various divisions where the customers are made to choose from different ranges and varieties and between different types of delivery options. It accurately groups up the products for its customers and makes it easier to decide on buying the product. A new membership program , Amazon prime, has offered some special offers to those clients who are regular customers or who most often surf their site (Amazon.in. 2016). Push-Pull Strategy According to Klaus (2013), Amazon initiated a new push pull strategy that needs no products or inventories, no overheads or warehouses. It acts as a middleman between the customers and the original retailers, whose products are being showcased in the website. As time passed, the increase in demand for the products of that company, forced Amazon to keep their products in stock. This gave rise to a push-pull strategy. The inventory is held as push strategy while the others are shipped as pull strategy. Various distribution centres are held in order to carry this strategy out. By having several distribution centres, there is an increase in the cost of holding goods though. Inventory Segmentation The inventory system of Amazon is a multi-tier inventory management system. This enables the company to plan its process and enables the company to offer increment in optimization of the service that would permit the company to have the least requirement of inventory needs to procure its service level. The problem with this kind of system is that each tier treats separately while there is no concern about the other kind of inventories (Grewal et al.,2012). Amazon has a three-tier inventory system, where the first tier is the Amazon distribution centre, the second tier is the wholesaler and partner whereas, the third tier comprises of the publishers, manufacturers, vendors and third party sellers. The first tier has the duty of maintaining the inventories, this allows the organization to keep fewer inventories. The second tier helps to maintain the record of products. If products are not present in Amazon dc then it would use the it systems to look for the goods in the partner inventories . This would enable Amazon to have no stock out experience in front of the customers. The third tier helps to fulfil the unlimited selection of goods offered in the organization (Stadtler 2015). Factors Affecting The Supply Chain Transportation Amazon allows its customer a range of delivery options in order to make up to the transportation cost. It provides free shipping facilities to achieve longer lengths of delivery time. This enables Amazon to decrease its cost and gain an efficient economy scale. Even though clients are ready to pay higher costs to get the product delivered faster. Still Amazon cannot use its greatest benefits from its transport system. This is the reason why Amazon must pay heed to its supply chain networks to minimise the costs. Order sourcing- the main problem that Amazon faces is to identify from where must it look for the product to fulfil the customers order. Once the order is placed, it is very important to fulfil that order on time. The probability of finding a solution in that short span of time is quite low as the products are in different places at that point of time. This led the company to maintain a management system that would get effective sourcing of the products in real time (Rushton, Croucher Baker (2014). Evaluation Of Operational Implications Supply chain network Amazon has various distribution centres throughout the world. Its locations are selected based on the distance to the markets, the nearest place to transportation facility that would enable the company to provide quick delivery, t lower transport costs and easy access. The transportation hubs are also selected in such areas where the customer demand for the products is more. The inbound trucks gets full loaded at first, unloads the packages and then the small outbound vehicles takes it to the destined places. Amazon has also adopted shipment approach, where the product would be picked and packaging would be done in Amazon, and delivered by the supply chain partners. Amazons basic aim must be to provide quality products at quality time to make their customers satisfied. Transportation- The most toughest part of transportation is that in order to achieve accuracy due to large number of small orders for the clients, the company is unable to get the advantage of scale (F. Bustinza, Parry Vendrell-Herrero (2013). Amazon created transportation hub to get away with huge transport costs. The hub needs longer time to gather the region zone together, therefore excess time to follow the strategy. Therefore, the company has generated various delivery options that would help Amazon to achieve a larger economy of scale with minimised costs and increment in customer satisfaction. Though this takes time to happen, and therefore, sometimes, customer receive the product after a long delay. Technology- Amazon deals in online shopping, and it has no storefront. Hence, for such an organization efficient and smooth technology is the basic need. The company needs to maintain a perfect visual store that would be user friendly in order to attract the customers. A9 is a company that provides Amazon with such a technology base that includes search engines, and search indie the books where the technology tends to speed up the ordering process (zpolat et al., 2013). Amazon requires an innovation that would support the back end supply chain. The organization has well maintained and advanced management systems for warehouses for order outsourcing, labour management, processing alternatives, suppliers collaborations and load balancing. Though there are some critiques regarding the working conditions of extra pressure on labours, so Amazon introduced the use of Kiva robots to do those work that became hectic for humans. Here robots search for the desired products in the warehouses that required huge time and effort of humans. There are in all 400 Kiva robots in the company, appointed for the job. This increase productivity of the company and also reduces the cost up to 50% ( Floyd et al., 2014). Amazon launched a new strategy called prime air or drones. It enables to deliver goods to customers within 30 minutes of time. The process consists of the prime air that starts packages to pass on conveyor belts that would be lifted by the drones and move straight to the customers address. This innovations has been started but is not efficiently used till date. Recommendations The problem in the supply chain of Amazon is it depends on the courier facilities to reduce its transportation cost and to make it efficient (Williams et al., (2013). The courier services creates a negative impact on Amazon by getting the delivery delayed or the product not in a good condition. Hence, the company should start its own chain of transport facilities that would deliver the product to its customers with greater efficiency and gain more trust from its clients. The benefits of using private facilities is not only favourable but also enhances branding facilities for the organization There is even a lack in integration among the supply chain of Amazon. Amazon must make the best collaborations with the companies that would use cooperation and coordination as the major tools to complete the task. Conclusion Supply chain management plays a vital role in every organization. An organization that deals in online service, the main motive of such a company should be to achieve smooth and efficient supply chain system (Monczka et al., 2015). Amazons basic aim is to offer an ultimate service to its clients. It has been able to provide and fulfil that mission since many years. In the long run, it has been able to climb up and , maintain a specific place amongst to competitors. It has an efficient and modern system of supply chain management that has led the company to gain the confidence of the customers. It is one of the top online shopping sites till date. The company needs to cooperate with its partners and do multi-tier inventory systems that would enhance its growth. An effective distribution system is the only thing that is needed by a company like Amazon, and its working on it too. All these qualities reflect the primary strategy of the company is to provide the best response to its clien ts and ensure their satisfaction. Reference Amazon.in.(2016).[online]Availableat:https://www.amazon.in/b/ref=lego_days_gw?_encoding=UTF8node=11138332031pf_rd_m=A1VBAL9TL5WCBFpf_rd_s=desktop-hero-kindle-Apf_rd_r=0E1PA4RPHJH36WBGR7X2pf_rd_t=Gatewaypf_rd_p=76c73857-ba08-457b-bc6c-9417db88c10cpf_rd_i=desktop [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Bower, A. B., Maxham III, J. G. (2012). Return shipping policies of online retailers: normative assumptions and the long-term consequences of fee and free returns.Journal of Marketing,76(5), 110-124. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Coyle, J. J., Langley, C. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. (2016).Supply chain management: a logistics perspective. Nelson Education. Bustinza, O., C. Parry, G., Vendrell-Herrero, F. (2013). Supply and demand chain management: The effect of adding services to product offerings.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(6), 618-629. Floyd, K., Freling, R., Alhoqail, S., Cho, H. Y., Freling, T. (2014). How online product reviews affect retail sales: A meta-analysis.Journal of Retailing,90(2), 217-232. Grewal, D., Roggeveen, A. L., Compeau, L. D., Levy, M. (2012). Retail value-based pricing strategies: New times, new technologies, new consumers.Journal of Retailing,88(1), 1-6. Klaus, P. (2013). The case of Amazon. com: towards a conceptual framework of online customer service experience (OCSE) using the emerging consensus technique (ECT).Journal of Services Marketing,27(6), 443-457. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. zpolat, K., Gao, G., Jank, W., Viswanathan, S. (2013). Research note-the value of third-party assurance seals in online retailing: An empirical investigation.Information Systems Research,24(4), 1100-1111. Richards, M. (2015).Supply Chain Implications In Regards To Consumer Behavior In Online Retail: Site-To-Store Versus Direct Shipping(Doctoral dissertation, Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas). Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Verma, V., Sharma, D., Sheth, J. (2016). Does relationship marketing matter in online retailing? A meta-analytic approach.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(2), 206-217. Williams, B. D., Roh, J., Tokar, T., Swink, M. (2013). Leveraging supply chain visibility for responsiveness: The moderating role of internal integration.Journal of Operations Management,31(7), 543-554.

Tom Sawyer Essays (1759 words) - Picaresque Novels,

Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer is a boy who is full of adventures. In his world there is an adventure around every corner. Some of his adventures have lead him into some bad situations but with his good heart and bright mind he has gotten out of them. Tom lives with his aunt Polly, his cousin Mary and his bother Sid. One of the first things to happen in the book is a memorable one, the painting of the fence. Tom's aunt Polly made Tom paint her fence on a Saturday as a punishment. Tom just hated the idea of having to work on a Saturday while all of the neighborhood could make fun of and harass him. After Tom tried to trade some of his possessions for a few hours of freedom he had a stroke of genius, instead of him paying people to work for him, he made people pay him to paint. Tom managed this by telling people that it isn't every day that you get a chance to paint a fence and he thought it was fun. He had people begging him to paint by the time that he was finished his story. He would have taken every boy in the town's wealth if he had not run out of paint. On June 17th about the hour of midnight, Tom and his best friend Huck were out in the grave yard trying to get rid of warts, when they witnessed a murder by Injun Joe. At the time Muff Potter was drunk and asleep so Injun Joe blamed the murder him (Muff Potter). They knew if crazy Injun Joe found out they knew, he would for sure kill them. Tom wrote on a wooden board Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer swear to keep mum about this and they wish they may drop down dead in their tracks if they ever tell and rot, then in their own blood they signed their initials TS and HF. A few days after that incident Tom, Huck and Joe decided to go and become pirates because no one cared for their company anymore. They stole some food and supplies and then they stole a raft and paddled to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River. They stayed and pirated for several days, then they all became so home sick that they could not bear it anymore. The next day Tom, Huck, and Joe showed up for their own funerals and there was much thanks and praise. The next big event in the town was the trial of Muff Potter for the murder in the graveyard. The whole town believed Injun Joe, and poor Muff was sent to a temporary jail cell for a week. At the end of the week he was to be hung unless some one in court had proved him innocent. While Muff was in jail temporarily he was not alone. Every day Tom and Huck would go and talk to him through the jail cell bars and on occasion bring him food. On the last day of court, to everyone's surprise they called Tom Sawyer to the stand. Then the man asked him where he was on the 17th of June he said In the graveyard. Then when he asked who he saw do it he said with all his courage he said Muff didn't do it. It was Injun Joe! and with that Injun Joe jumped out the window and ran away. Tom and Huck decided that they wanted to become rich so they went to go and find buried treasure. Tom and Huck dug under trees all day and night but found nothing, then Tom said that they should go and dig for treasure in a haunted house. They went back two days later and went to a haunted house. Both the boys were scared but they both went inside anyway. The boys dared each other to go upstairs, so of course they went up and looked in closets for treasure but found nothing. Suddenly the boys heard two men talking and then come inside. Both of the boys got down on the floor and then they heard the voice again, it was Injun Joe. Injun Joe and the other

A Way Of Life essays

A Way Of Life essays "A way of life." Many people use this expression as a way to talk about their subsistence and how they perceive their everyday life. What they fail to recognize, however, is the fact that their way of living is connected in a much broader category than they think. Anthropologists study these categories broad, narrow, present, and past to try and find out what exactly a "way of life" was for individual cultures. By studying these cultures Anthropologists try and deduce different methods of survival. They have also discovered a few major social institutions that all cultures have a common bond together. These social institutions are the basis for which culture is founded. In order for a culture to become distinct from other cultures it has to apply different rules and change around these institutions. Anthropologists use these social institutional changes to understand the development of a culture and their way of being. They research these processes through fieldwork mostly. By using fieldwork as a means of research they can directly observe, interview, survey, and then analyze the situation. This gives them the advantage of seeing with their own eyes what happens within a culture. Fieldwork and the analysis of the fieldwork will be the basis on which this paper will investigate the social institution of subsistence and economics among a subgroup of our culture. One of the defining aspects of culture is subsistence. Through subsistence you can find out how a culture has survived or what they did wrong that caused them to become extinct. This is based on the fact that a group has to adapt to their environment for the basic elements needed to survive. These basic elements are: food, shelter, technology, and clothing (clothes are necessary in some environments). How a group utilizes their environment places them into one of the four categories of subsistence styles. These four known categories are: hunting and gathering, fish...

Definition and Examples of Business Jargon in English

Definition and Examples of Business Jargon in English Business jargon is the specialized language used by members of corporations and bureaucracies. Also known as corporate jargon, business-speak, and bureaucratese. Business jargon typically includes buzzwords, vogue words, and euphemisms. Contrast with plain English. Examples and Observations Hes successful in interfacing with clients we already have, but as for new clients, its low-hanging fruit. He takes a high-altitude view, but he doesnt drill down to that level of granularity where we might actionize new opportunities.Clark winced. I remember that one. I think I may have had a minor stroke in the office when he said that.(Emily St. John Mandel, Station Eleven. Alfred A. Knopf, 2014) The Poisonous Spell of Business Jargon The next time you feel the need to reach out, touch base, shift a paradigm, leverage a best practice or join a tiger team, by all means do it. Just don’t say you’re doing it.If you have to ask why, chances are you’ve fallen under the poisonous spell of business jargon. No longer solely the province of consultants, investors and business-school types, this annoying gobbledygook has mesmerized the rank and file around the globe.Jargon masks real meaning, says Jennifer Chatman, management professor at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business. People use it as a substitute for thinking hard and clearly about their goals and the direction that they want to give others.(Max Mallet, Brett Nelson and Chris Steiner, The Most Annoying, Pretentious And Useless Business Jargon. Forbes, January 26, 2012) Laser-Focused At companies ranging from children’s book publishers to organic-food purveyors, CEOs are increasingly training powerful beams of light on their targets. The phrase laser-focused appeared in more than 250 transcripts of earnings calls and investor events this year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg, on pace to eclipse the 287 in all of 2012. It’s business jargon, says L.J. Rittenhouse, CEO of Rittenhouse Rankings, who consults with executives on communication and strategy. What would a more candid disclosure be? We are focused. What does a laser have to do with it? . . .David Larcker, a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business who has studied deception on investor conference calls, says that when executives start using a lot of jargon, it makes you wonder about the believability. Rittenhouse, who analyzes shareholder letters for an annual report on CEO candor and reviews about 100 conference-call transcripts each year, has found that companies that use fact-deficient, obfuscating generalities have worse share performance than more candid companies.(Noah Buhayar, The CEOs Favorite Clichà ©. Bloomberg Businessweek, September 23-29, 2013) Business-Speak In an infamous December 2012 press release, Citigroup announced that it would begin a series of repositioning actions that will further reduce expenses and improve efficiency, resulting in streamlined operations and an optimized consumer footprint across geographies. Translation: 11,000 people would be repositioned out the door.Business-speak, with its heartless euphemisms and empty stock phrases, is the jargon that everyone loves to hate. . . .For several years, Mark Liberman, a linguist at the University of Pennsylvania, has been keeping an eye on the words and phrases that are condemned as business-speak, and he has noticed that as much as mission statements and deliverables, what gets under people’s skin are expressions like impactful, at the end of the day, and low-hanging fruit. As he has investigated these expressions, he noted in a post last month on the blog Language Log, he has found that they are as common in sports, politics, social science, and other spheres as th ey are in business.(Joshua J. Friedman, Jargon: It’s Not the Business World’s Fault! The Boston Globe, September 15, 2013)Dharmeshs culture code incorporates elements of HubSpeak. For example, it instructs that when someone quits or gets fired, the event will be referred to as graduation. This really happens, over and over again. In my first month at HubSpot Ive witnessed several graduations, just in the marketing department. Well get an email from Cranium saying, Team, Just letting you know that Derek has graduated from HubSpot, and were excited to see how he uses his superpowers in his next big adventure!(Dan Lyons, Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble. Hachette, 2016) Business-Speak in Higher Education As universities are beaten into the shapes dictated by business, so language is suborned to its ends. We have all heard the robotic idiom of management, as if a button had activated a digitally generated voice. Like Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, business-speak is an instance of magical naming, superimposing the imagery of the market on the idea of a university–through ‘targets, ‘benchmarks, time-charts, league tables, ‘vision statements, ‘content providers. We may laugh or groan, depending on the state of our mental health at the thickets of TLAs–three-letter acronyms, in the coinage of the writer Richard Hamblyn–that accumulate like dental plaque. . . .The code conceals aggression: actions are undertaken in its name and justified by its rules; it pushes responsibility from persons to systems. It pushes individuals to one side and replaces them with columns, boxes, numbers, rubrics, often meaningless tautologies (a form will ask first for ‘aims, and then for ‘objectives’).(Marina Warner, Learning My Lesson. London Review of Books, March 19, 2015) The Epic Poetry of Modern Business Jargon is an invaluable tool in massaging meaning for marketing purposes. Investment is a particularly fertile field. Promoters may describe a start-up with no customers as pre-revenue, optimistically implying that sales are inevitable. Hoped-for turnover will be projected in a business plan, a document used for raising finance and scrupulously ignored thenceforth.Terminology that deflects criticism while bestowing spurious professionalism is essential to the manager. Hence the phrase Im outside the loop on that excuses knuckle-dragging cluelessness. Im afraid I dont have the bandwidth is a polite way of saying: You arent important enough for me to help you. And It is my understanding that . . . allows the speaker to assert vague suspicions as solid facts...Jargon is the epic poetry of modern business. It can turn a bunch of windbags in a meeting room into a quick wins taskforce. I once asked a handyman toiling in an office doorway whether he was installing a wheelchair ramp. No, he said solemnly, its a diversity access feature.(Jonathan Guthrie, Three Cheers for the Epic Poetry of Jargon. Financial Times, Dec. 13, 2007) Financial Jargon: Reversification The images and metaphors keep doing headstands. To bail out is to slop water over the side of a boat. That verb has been reversified so that it means an injection of public money into a failing institution; taking something dangerous out has turned into putting something vital in. Credit has been reversified: it means debt. Inflation means money being worth less. Synergy means sacking people. Risk means precise mathematical assessment of probability. Noncore assets means garbage. These are all examples of how the process of innovation, experimentation, and progress in the techniques of finance has been brought to bear on language, so that words no longer mean what they once did. It is not a process intended to deceive, but . . . it confines knowledge to a priesthood- the priesthood of people who can speak money. (John Lanchester, Money Talks. The New Yorker, August 4, 2014) Greenspans Fed-Jargon A special area of financial jargon is Greenspeak, the terms and phrases of Federal Reserve Board Chairman [1987-2006], Alan Greenspan. For decades a small group of economists known as Fed-watchers, pored over the statements made by the Federal Reserve, looking for indications of changes in Federal Reserve policy. Today, almost every investor and business person in the U.S. listens to the latest Fed pronouncements. From his 1999 description of the technology stock market as irrational exuberance, to his considerable period, soft patch, and short-lived descriptions of the economy and monetary policy in 2003-2004, the words of Alan Greenspan [became] common in American business jargon. (W. Davis Folsom, Understanding American Business Jargon: A Dictionary, 2nd ed. Greenwood, 2005)

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max Essay

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max 300 words) explaining your understanding of Organisational behaviour in businesses today - Essay Example In identifying appropriate strategic approaches organizations implement SWOT analyses; SWOT represents strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In addition to these strategic elements organization behavior also involves developing an overarching mission statement. This functions to speak to the organizations core goals and values. Another key aspect of organizational behavior in businesses is management. Management considers the companys mission statement and strategic directives and works to achieving these goals through attention to efficiency, effectiveness, and equity. Within the organizational element of management is the question of what constitutes effective management and how it can be achieved and maintained. In these regards, Drummond is particularly effective in articulating one of the predominant organizational conflicts, â€Å"The fundamental problem of management is that organisational & individual objectives differ.† Within management organizations utilize specific approaches to management that have been categorized by researchers. These include the classical approach, the human relations approach, the scientific approach, and the systems and contingency approach. All of these approaches have strengths and weaknesses with a great number of challenges being levied at either their over or under emphasis on human or efficiency concerns. In an effort to bridge this organizational gap, the systems and contingency approach was

Working with the New Millenials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with the New Millenials - Essay Example Case facts revealed that new millenials have tendencies to question everything, demand explicitly clear and consistent expectations, are primarily family oriented and earn to consume immediately as their very philosophy embodies living for the moment. Likewise, the facts indicate that new millenials want flexibility and working in a virtual environment where they can wear casual clothes and come at a time they please. Therefore, rather than restricting their movements, organizations can focus on providing flexibility in work, as long as explicitly stated goals and objectives are attained. Organizations should encourage their creativity and innovativeness and evaluate performance using Management By Objectives (MBO) that would determine progress and discuss meritorious increases depending on performance and attainment of goals. As confirmed by Heathfield (2012), there are some guidelines to manage millenials, to wit: (1) effective provision of structure, leadership and guidance; (2) e ncouraging â€Å"the millennial's self-assuredness, "can-do" attitude, and positive personal self-image† (Heathfield, 2012, p. 1);

The Effects and Causes of Fetal Alcohols Spectrum Disorders Essay Example for Free

The Effects and Causes of Fetal Alcohols Spectrum Disorders Essay Drinking while pregnant is a bad decision. Sometimes the child will result in certain health problems, and at times they will be perfectly healthy. The effects are referred to as FASD (Fetal Alcohols Spectrum Disorders). FASD can take form as many various effects. Many people are aware of these effects but they do not realize that moderate alcohol exposure to the fetus can be just as harmful to the baby as frequent exposure. Though this might leave some people thinking that some pregnant women do not realize their pregnancy for many weeks after conception, and how might they know when no to drink. Well, the women who are trying to become pregnant or women who think they may be pregnant should not drink at all. This is due to the possibilities of pregnancy. (March) When women first get pregnant only about 40 percent of the women notice the pregnancy right away (CDC). Studies by the CDC have published that with each live birth in the United States 0.2 – 1.5 out of 1,000 of those births are babies with FASD effects. In a period of 15 years it has been noted that 1 out of 8 women have admitted to drinking during their pregnancy (CDC). This just shows how unaware mothers are of their drinking’s lasting effects on their children and the strain these effects will bring to their families and friends. There are various symptoms, referring to health, of FASD some of the more major according to the Mayo Clinic are heart defects, slow growth before and after birth, problems with sight and hearing, learning deficiency, small brain size, joint and bone deformities, balance and coordination errors, sleep problems, mental retardation, short attention span, and issues controlling anxiety and impulsive behaviors. Some of the visible effects of FASD are a small head size and facial flattening (MC). The causes are simply stated, easily understood, but yet people do not always agree with them. To make the situation more easily understood, we can say that when you drink the alcohol goes into your bloodstream as a form of energy; the blood is shared amongst you and your unborn child. Therefore the baby gets alcohol into its blood and its slow metabolism cannot handle the amounts of alcohol that an adult woman can. This process also causes the oxygen to moves very slowly into the fetus and therefore the organs cannot get enough oxygen to grow properly (MC). It is known when the baby is most likely to be harmed and where development is risked during the stages of pregnancy. In the first three months of the pregnancy the baby is most likely to have facial deformation, and in the remainder of the pregnancy, the baby is at risk of growth of the central nervous system. When pregnant it is unknown how much alcohol consumed that it takes to cause risks to your baby. It could range differently with the woman’s metabolism, health, and age. Seeing that it is unknown of the amount for risks, it would just be safer to not drink at all while pregnant or if you might be pregnant (MC). If your baby has FASD it will not be evident until the birth, unless you tell your doctor that you have drank and he can check for signs and symptoms in the fetus. The signs that can be noticed while the baby is in the womb are small changes in growth, strange facial features, heart deformities, and all around behavior. This is to say that your FASD baby will be unplanned for and that you are always at risk if you have drank. There has been no cure found for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and most of its effects do not ware off with time. A cure for one of the more major signs, heart disorders, can be surgery. And if you have a learning disability that does not leave you mentally impaired, a special learning course in school will usually be very helpful. And with all the stress of the effects the parents may need counseling to cope with their mistakes and child’s behavior (MC). If FASD is evident before the age of six, medication can usually be provided to help with mental and social abilities (CDC). If you’re a parent with a child who suffers from FASD it is good to treat them as any parent would treat their child. Some of the things you can do to help them cope are giving them chores, teach them skills for daily living, teach them to hold their ground and stand tall, reward their good behavior, and teach the child daily routine (MC). If a child is not diagnosed with FASD they might still have fetal alcohol effects (FAE). FAEs consist of two types the first being Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopment Disorder (ARND). ARND is the collection of metal problems a child can have without collectively having FASD, a child with ARND is bound to struggle in school, be impulsive, low memory mass, short attention spam, and bad deciphering skills. The other FAE are Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD). These are the deformities in the skeletal system due to drinking while pregnant. The deformities may be include in these areas of the body heart, kidneys, bones, and the whole auditory system (FAE). On of the more heard of FASDs is FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome). FAS can lead to Fetal Death which is the most severe result in drinking while pregnant. But usually these people just experience face abnormality and growth problems. Some of the distinctive face abnormalities are a thin vermillion border, smooth philtrum, and small palpebral fissures. A child with FAS has a very hard time getting along with others and making friends (CDC). Children with FASDs often need extra help with simple tasks like walking, talking, and associating with others. These skills can be improved with special counselors at a young age, from birth to three years of age. This counseling is extremely important, so if it is noticed that the child has effects of FASD talk to your doctor immediately. The doctor might also recommend that the parents go through daily speech routines with their child. These routines will help the child reach their full potential and help them more as they reach high school age. As the child ages it is most often necessary for them to be in a special education class. A stable home life is a necessity for FASD cases. Children with FASD have a higher emotion to their surroundings, so moving frequently can cause mental breakdowns and tantrums. Therefore it is important to have a loving household and to care for you child with a great deal of attention. Help can also come from the community and friends to keep the child’s self esteem high and gleaming. And a high self esteem will help the child grow and keep them from criminal activity, dropping out, and unemployment (CDC.)Â  When your child has FASD they still need the same medical attention as a child without the sideffectts.

Contingency Theories of Organizations

Contingency Theories of Organizations Part 2 OB: What is the core argument of contingency theories of organizations? Discuss giving examples from at least one such theory. Evaluate the claims of this theory and assess its relevance for organizations today. Organizations operate in many different environments and it is vital to assess how they influence their structures. Effective and efficient organizing has become increasingly important in the modern world characterized by rapid changes. Contingency approaches emphasize that in order for organizations to succeed they must adopt a structure suitable for the environment in which they operate. There are many forms of contingency theory. In general, contingency theories are a class of behavioral theory that claim that there is no best way to organize a corporation and the organizational structure of the company. An organizational or leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others. Therefore, the best way of organizing the company, is contingent upon the internal and external situation of the company. External environments influence organizations in a varied number of ways. Critical external factors include, but are not limited to, the size of the organization, labor markets, availability and cost of capital, competitors, governmental laws and policies, managerial assumptions about employees, strategies, technologies used, etc. The main ideas of contingency theory are: * There is no universal or one best way to manage * The design of organizations and its subsystems must fit with the environment * Effective organizations not only have a proper fit with the environment but also between its subsystems * The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group. Several contingency approaches were developed simultaneously in the late 1960s. The emergence of the theory was the result of criticisms of the classical theories such as Webers bureaucracy (Weber, 1946) and Taylors scientific management (Taylor, 1911) which had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. The contingency approach originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who declared that successful organizations in different industries with different technologies were characterized by different organizational structures. In this essay I will discuss three influential contingency theories, those of Burns and Stalker (1961), Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) and Fiedler (1967). Tom Burns and Graham Stalker in their 1961 book, The Management of Innovation studied about 20 Scottish and British electronics companies operating in increasingly competitive and innovative technological markets. Their findings demonstrated that organizations operating in stable environments are very different from those which have to face a changing and dynamic environment. The authors have discovered that differences in the way firms approached change and innovation related to the values and mission of the firms. Burns and Stalker classified the firms into 2 categories on the basis of their managerial structures and practices: mechanistic and organic. The authors found that mechanistic organizations, also called bureaucracies, are suited for relatively stable environmental conditions. Such organizations are clearly programmed, strictly controlled and hierarchically structured. Often they do not have mission and vision statements, and instead depend on established rules for guidance, measuring success by the degree to which staff conforms to process and procedure. Organizational tasks are typically broken down into specialized activities. Individuals are responsible for their specific functions in a relative isolation from the overall organizational goal. The organic organizations are more likely to exist under unstable environmental conditions. Organic organizations are orientated towards results, have a flat organization structure instead of a hierarchy, and little structure in terms of process and rules. They focus on results and employees receive positive rewards for creative and pragmatic contributions. Given these conditions it becomes necessary to review and redefine the responsibilities, methods, inter-role relationships, and even goals on a continual basis. Burns and Stalker emphasized that each system is appropriate under its own specific conditions. Neither system was superior to the other under all situations. Since the 1960s much of writings in organization theories field is a constant debate between the machine/organ analogies, and attempts to develop growth models of how simple mechanistic forms can grow into the more complex organic forms. Another significant study to demonstrate the relationships between environmental characteristics and effective organizational structures was conducted by Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch (1967). They studied ten US firms in three separate industries (plastics, food, containers) that confronted varying degrees of uncertainty, complexity and change. The researchers found that successful firms in each industry had a different degree of differentiation. The firms operating in uncertain, complex, rapidly changing environments had more highly differentiated internal structures: sales, production and RD departments. Such organizations require the greater need for suitable mechanisms for integrating and resolving conflicts between ranges of segments. Successful firms in more homogeneous and stable environment were more formalized and hierarchical in their forms. Authors concluded that successful firms must have internal structures as complex as environments in which they operate. This seminal work of Lawrence and Lorsch refined the contingency theory by demonstrating that different markets and technological environments require different kinds of organizations, and that subunits or functional departments within an organization might be managed in different ways, due to variations resulting from their sub-environments. Their view is ecological those organizations that can best adapt to the environment will survive. Managerial leadership has influenced organizational activities in many ways. These influences include motivating subordinates, budgeting scarce resources, and serving as a source of communication. Contingency theories of leadership argue that no single leadership style is effective in all circumstances, but the leadership styles are contingent on the organizational and situational context. Fred Fiedlers theory (1967) is the earliest and most extensively researched is also known as contingency model of leadership effectiveness. Fiedlers ideas originated from trait and behavioral models by stating that performance of the group is dependent on the leaders psychological orientation and on three contextual variables: group atmosphere, task structure, and leaders power position. The contingency model underlines the importance of both the leaders personality and the situation in which that leader operates. The first major factor in Fiedlers theory is known as the leadership style. This is the consistent system of interaction that takes place between a leader and work group. In order to classify leadership styles, Fiedler has developed an index called the Least-Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale. To get an LPC score a leader is asked to think of co-workers with whom he/she has ever worked and choose the one with whom the work was the most difficult. Then this person is rated on a number of eight-point bipolar scales (friendly/unfriendly, hostile/supportive, etc.). The responses to these scales are summed and averaged: a high LPC score suggests that the leader has a human relations orientation, while a low LPC score indicates a task orientation. The second major factor in Fiedlers theory is known as situational favorableness or environmental variable. This basically is defined as the degree a situation enables a leader to exert influence over a group. Fiedler then extends his analysis by focusing on three key situational factors, which are leader-member, task structure and position power. For leader-member relations, Fiedler maintains that the leader will have more influence if they maintain good relationships with group members who like, respect, and trust them, than if they do not. Fiedler explains that task structure is the second most important factor in determining structural favorableness. He contends that highly structured tasks, which specify how a job is to be done in detail provide a leader with more influences over group actions than do unstructured tasks. Finally, as for position power, leads who have the power to hire and fire, discipline and reward, have more power than those who do not. For example, the head of a department has more power than a file clerk. By classifying a group according to three variables, it is possible to identify eight different group situations or leadership style. These eight different possible combinations were then classified as either task orientation or relationship orientated. Several implications can be derived from Fiedlers findings. First, it is not accurate to speak of effective and ineffective leaders. Fiedler goes on by suggesting that there are only leader who perform better in some situations, but not all situations. Second, almost anyone can be a leader by carefully selecting those situations that match his or her leadership style. Lastly, the effectiveness of a leader can be improved by designing the job to fit the manager. For instance, by increasing or decreasing a leaders position power, changing the structure of a task, or influencing leader-member relations, an organization can alter a situation to better fit a leaders style. The following aspects can be considered as strengths of Fiedlers theory: it is predictive and supported by a lot of empirical research, it does not require that people be effective in all situations and provides a way to assess leader style that could be useful to an organization. However among its weaknesses are the fact that it is cumbersome to use, it doesnt explain what to do when there is a mismatch between style and situation and it doesnt take into account situational variables, like training and experience, which also have an impact in a leaders effectiveness. Finally, there is some doubt whether the LPC is a true measure of leadership style. In summary, the essence of contingency theory is that best practices depend on the contingencies of the situation. Contingency theory is often called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it all dependsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theory, because when a contingency theorist is being asked for an answer, the typical response will be that it all depends. While this may sound simplistic, assessing the contingencies on which decisions depend can be a very complex. Contingency theorists try to identify and measure the conditions under which things will likely occur. Considering that organizations should attain both external and internal fit to achieve superior performance, at the same time, the processes of strategy formulation and implementation are not separable activities; there is a need for an integrative approach that incorporates both schools of thought. The appropriate management style and organizational structure depend on the environmental context of the organization concerned. The ability to manage change is now recognized as a core organizational competence. References: 1. Fineman, S., Sims, D. Gabriel, Y. (2005) Organizing and organizations , London, Sage. 2. Smith, M. J. (1984). Contingency rules theory, context, and compliance behaviors. Human Communication Research, 10, 489-512. 3. Burns, T., Stalker, M. (1961). The Management of Innovation, 3rd Edition, 1994, Oxford University Press 4. Lawrence, P. R., Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and Environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5. Fiedler, F. E. (1964). A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.1). 149-190. New York: Academic Press. Burnes, B. (1996), No such thing as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one best wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to manage organizational change. Management decision, Vol. 34, Issue 10, pp. 10-18

Summary of The Spire

Jocelin, Dean of a medieval cathedral, has had a vision which he believes reveals that he must add a four hundred foot spire to the cathedral. The decision is a controversial one, especially as the work proves disruptive and the master builder, Roger Mason, discovers that the building lacks the requisite foundations to support the spire. Jocelin is insistent that faith will be sufficient and accuses the master builder of being timid, and of playing for time in order to keep himself and his men in employment. Jocelin is maintained in his belief that the spire will stand by the news that his bishop is sending a Holy Nail (from the crucifixion) from Rome to protect the spire. The cathedral's caretaker, Pangall, hates the disruption and the workmen's mockery which he suffers. There are early hints that he is impotent. Jocelin is horrified when he notices that Roger and Goody, Pangall's wife, are sexually attracted to each other. However, he realises that, if he does not intervene, their adultery will prevent Roger from leaving. Roger's wife Rachel reveals that she and her husband are childless because she finds sex makes her laugh. Jocelin climbs to the roof to inspect the work and finds it exhilarating. However, he has what is eventually revealed to be tuberculosis of the spine, and this illness gradually becomes worse. He is also increasingly troubled by sexual dreams relating to his own attraction to Goody. A pit has been dug in order for the master builder to look for foundations, and there is a crisis when the earth in it is seen to be creeping. The stones start to make a high-pitched whine and to splinter. Roger wants to stop work, but Jocelin forces him to continue. The result is that the anxious workmen become a mob and – as only later becomes apparent – they pursue and murder Pangall, burying his body beneath the cathedral pavement as a pagan charm to keep the spire from falling. Jocelin becomes increasingly obsessed with the spire, shutting out all other concerns. However, he feels guilty about Goody and tries to speak to her. When she sobbingly rejects his approaches, he climbs the spire to seek solace. It is revealed that Goody is pregnant. Roger becomes increasingly sullen and unpopular and the singing of the stones becomes worse, so that the master builder again begs Jocelin to halt the work. He paints a persuasive picture of the spire's collapse, but Jocelin resists and makes him continue. Shortly after this, Jocelin climbs the spire and witnesses Roger and Goody having sex. A steel brace is made and fitted to the spire. While this is going on, Jocelin secures a place for Goody in a local convent. But when Rachel discovers Roger's infidelity, she attacks first Goody, then Roger, and Goody dies in childbirth. Jocelin becomes more unwell and is tormented by remorse and sexual feelings, although he is relatively happy when helping the workmen. Roger becomes an alcoholic and has a breakdown. At midsummer, Jocelin realises that the workmen have left their work to attend pagan festivities. More Summary of Devil at My Heels The spire nears completion as the Holy Nail approaches. Jehan, Roger's second-in-command, now in charge of the work, miscalculates and damages the spire. An official from Rome, referred to only as the Visitor, interviews Jocelin and relieves him of his authority. In a raging storm, Jocelin climbs the spire and hammers the Nail in place, after which he has two mystical visions of Goody. Jocelin's aunt, Lady Alison, visits him and reveals that he was only appointed Dean thanks to her. The dumb sculptor, Gilbert, shows Jocelin that the pillars supporting the cathedral roof are not solid but filled with rubble. Father Adam reads aloud Jocelin's sermon describing his original vision of the spire. The process of Jocelin's disillusionment continues when Anselm – Jocelin's former teacher but now his junior as the Sacrist of the cathedral – denies that they were ever really friends. Jocelin goes to seek Roger's forgiveness, on the way having two mystical revelations inspired by an appletree and a kingfisher. He is briefly reconciled to Roger before the master builder becomes angry and throws him out. On the street, Jocelin is set upon by a mob. Nearing death, Jocelin has his effigy sculpted, and finally has several intimations which seem to explain his past experiences, and perhaps the whole of life itself. His dying thought is of the appletree, but the priest attending him, Father Adam, chooses to believe that Jocelin was in his dying breath murmuring the name of God. On one level this is a novel about the building of a spire upon a cathedral, the foundations of which are nothing but marsh and brushwood. It is about the resilience of those foundations against all odds; they hold a spire some four hundred feet high when, by rights, this shouldn't be possible. It follows the lives of a range of people involved in the building project, from the anonymous army of labourers who do the actual work at one extreme to the man who believes that God has chosen him to bring this work to a conclusion at the other. The spire stands at the end of the novel but it has destroyed the lives of Dean Jocelin, whose vision was the inspiration for its building; of Roger Mason, the master builder; of Roger's wife, Rachel; of Pangall's wife, Goody and the child she bears to Roger Mason. The reader is never confident whether the spire is the work of God or the work of the devil; what is clear is it is built upon human misery, upon argument and dissension within the cathedral's community, and upon the deceit of Dean Jocelin who holds high office in the church. As the spire reaches upwards the Dean feels its weight upon his back until he ends bent double; though he isn't aware of it, Jocelin suffers a crippling spinal disease – tuberculosis of the spine – which eventually kills him. Throughout the building of the spire he believes that the early physical manifestations of his condition are the visitations of his own guardian angel. The novel is also concerned with sexuality. It is about two men's desire for a simple woman who remains unaware of her own attractions; one, the Dean, suppresses his desires and suffers because of it, the other, Roger Mason, fulfils his desires, gets her pregnant and also suffers by it. Goody Pangall dies in childbirth; her husband is bullied mercilessly by Roger's men and finally driven cruelly to his death; Roger tries to kill himself and ends his day in madness; Rachel is left desolate, tending to her husband as if he were the baby they never had; Jocelin dies in both physical and spiritual agony. Finally the spire is left, a symbol but a very ambiguous one. Of the power of God to work miracles? Of a bargain with the devil? Or of the skill and endurance of man? Golding doesn't tell us.

Nike Financial Statement

NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Year Ended May 31, 2001 2000 1999 (in millions, except per share data) RevenuesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Costs and expenses:Cost of sales IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Selling and administrative IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Interest expense (Notes 4 and 5) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Other income/expense, net (Notes 1, 10 and 11) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Restructuring charge, net (Note 13)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total costs and expenses IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income before income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes (Note 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Basic earnings per common share (Notes 1 and 9) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Diluted earnings per common share (Notes 1 and 9)IIIIIIIIIIIIIII $9,488. 8 $8,995. 1 $8,776. 9 5,784. 9 2,689. 7 58. 7 34. 2 (. 1) 8,567. 4 921. 4 331. 7 $ 589. 7 $ 2. 18 $ 2. 16 5,403. 8 2,606. 4 45. 0 23. 2 (2. 5) 8,075. 9 919. 2 340. 1 $ 579. 1 $ 2. 10 $ 2. 07 5,493. 5 2,426. 6 44. 1 21. 5 45. 1 8,030. 8 746. 1 294. 7 $ 451. 4 $ 1. 59 $ 1. 57 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 24 NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS May 31, 2001 2000 (in millions) Current Assets: Cash and equivalents IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $72. 1 and $65. IIII Inventories (Note 2) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income taxes (Notes 1 and 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Prepaid expenses (Note 1) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total current assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 3)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IdentiNable intangible assets and goodwill, net (Note 1) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income tax es and other assets (Notes 1 and 6)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII $ 304. 0 1,621. 4 1,424. 1 113. 3 162. 5 3,625. 3 1,618. 8 397. 3 178. 2 $5,819. 6 $ 254. 3 1,569. 4 1,446. 0 111. 5 215. 2 3,596. 4 1,583. 4 410. 9 266. 2 $5,856. 9 $ $ 0. 2 2. 6 459. 4 (9. 9) (152. 1) 3,194. 3 3,494. 5 $5,819. 6 0. 2 2. 6 369. 0 (11. 7) (111. 1) 2,887. 0 3,136. 0 $5,856. 9 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Current Liabilities:Current portion of long-term debt (Note 5) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Notes payable (Note 4) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accounts payable (Note 4) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accrued liabilities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total current liabilities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Long-term debt (Notes 5 and 14)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred inc ome taxes and other liabilities (Notes 1 and 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Commitments and contingencies (Notes 12 and 15) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Redeemable Preferred Stock (Note 7) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Shareholders' Equity: Common Stock at stated value (Note 8): Class A convertible I 99. 1 and 99. shares outstandingIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Class B I 169. 5 and 170. 4 shares outstandingIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Capital in excess of stated value IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Unearned stock compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accumulated other comprehensive incomeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Retained earningsIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total shareholders' equity IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total liabilities and shareholders' equity IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 5. 4 855. 3 432. 0 472. 1 21. 9 1,786. 7 435. 9 102. 2 I 0. 3 50. 1 924. 2 543. 8 621. 9 I 2,140. 0 470. 3 110. 3 I 0. 3The accompany ing notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 25 NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS 2001 Cash provided (used) by operations: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income charges not aAecting cash: DepreciationIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Non-cash portion of restructuring chargeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Amortization and other IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income tax beneNt from exercise of stock options IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Changes in certain working capital components: Increase) decrease in accounts receivable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII (Increase) decrease in inventories IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Decrease in other current assets and income taxes receivableIIIIIIII (Decrease) increase in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and income taxes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided by operati ons IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided (used) by investing activities: Additions to property, plant and equipmentIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Disposals of property, plant and equipment IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Increase in other assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Increase in other liabilitiesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash used by investing activitiesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided (used) by Nnancing activities:Reductions in long-term debt including current portionIIIIIIIIIIIIIII (Decrease) increase in notes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Proceeds from exercise of stock options IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Repurchase of stock IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Dividends I common and preferredIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash used by Nnancing activities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII EAect of exchange rate changes on cash IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Net increase in cash and equivalents IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Ca sh and equivalents, beginning of year IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash and equivalents, end of yearIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Supplemental disclosure of cash Oow information: Cash paid during the year for: Interest IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Non-cash investing and Nnancing activity:Assumption of long-term debt to acquire property, plant and equipment III Year Ended May 31, 2000 (in millions) 1999 $ 589. 7 $ 579. 1 $ 451. 4 197. 4 I 79. 8 16. 7 32. 4 188. 0 I 36. 8 35. 6 14. 9 198. 2 28. 0 37. 9 30. 6 33. 4 (141. 4) (16. 7) 78. 0 (82. 6) (311. 8) 61. 2 114. 4 214. 4 24. 2 (179. 4) 656. 5 178. 4 699. 6 (191. 1) 941. 4 (317. 6) 12. 7 (42. 5) 5. 1 (342. 3) (419. 9) 25. 3 (51. 3) 5. 9 (440. 0) (384. 1) 27. 2 (60. 8) 1. 2 (416. 5) (50. 3) (68. 9) 56. 0 (157. 0) (129. 7) (349. 9) 85. 4 49. 7 254. 3 $ 304. 0 (1. 7) 505. 1 23. 9 (646. 3) (133. 1) (252. 1) 48. 7 56. 2 198. 1 $ 254. 3 (1. 5) (61. 0) 54. 4 (299. 8) (136. 2) (444. 1) 8. 7 89. 5 108. 6 $ 198. 1 $ $ $ 68. 5 173. 1I 45. 0 221. 1 47. 1 231. 9 $ 108. 9 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 26 I NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Common Stock Class A Class B Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at May 31, 1998 IIIIIIIIIIIII Stock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common Stock IIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation (net of tax expense of $0. 4)IIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 1999 IIIIIIIIIIIIIStock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common stock IIIIIIIIII Issuance of shares to employees IIIIIIII Amortization of unearned compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation (net of tax expense of $1. 2)IIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 2000 IIIIIIIIIIIII Stock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common Stock IIIIIIIIII Issuance of shares to employees IIIIIIIIAmortization of unearned compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Forfeiture of shares from employees IIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation and other (net of tax beneNt of $0. 2) IIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 2001 IIIIIIIIIIIII 101. 5 $0. 2 (0. 8) 185. 5 2. 7 0. 8 (7. 4) $ 2. 7 Capital in Excess of Unearned Stated Stock Value Compensation (in millions) $262. 5 80. 5 $ I Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Retained Earnings $ (47. 2) $3,043. 4 $3,261. 6 80. 5 0. 2 (1. 5) 181. 6 1. 3 1. 5 (14. 5) 2. 7 334. 1 38. 7 (0. 1) (292 . 7) (135. 6) (17. 3) 0. 5 13. 5 I (21. ) (21. 7) (68. 9) (301. 6) (135. 6) 451. 4 100. 7 (8. 9) Total 451. 4 451. 4 3,066. 5 (627. 1) (131. 5) (13. 5) 1. 8 0. 2 (0. 1) 170. 4 2. 9 0. 1 (4. 0) 2. 6 369. 0 91. 0 (11. 7) (42. 2) (42. 2) (111. 1) (4. 8) 0. 1 6. 7 (6. 7) (2. 5) 7. 3 1. 2 (42. 2) 536. 9 3,136. 0 91. 0 I (152. 2) (157. 0) (129. 6) (129. 6) I (0. 6) $0. 2 169. 5 $ 2. 6 $459. 4 $ (9. 9) (41. 0) (41. 0) $(152. 1) 589. 7 $3,194. 3 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 27 579. 1 579. 1 2,887. 0 589. 7 99. 1 (644. 5) (131. 5) I 1. 8 579. 1 99. 2 (21. 7) 429. 7 3,334. 6 38. 7 7. 3 (1. 9) 589. 7 (41. 0) 548. 7 $3,494. 5

Idioms with Compare

Idioms with Compare Idioms with Compare Idioms with Compare By Maeve Maddox The verb compare comes from Latin comparare, â€Å"to pair together, couple, match, bring together.† It occurs in four common English idioms. to compare someone or something to someone or something to compare someone or something with someone or something to compare notes on something or someone to compare apples and oranges compare with or to Many speakers use â€Å"compare to† and â€Å"compare with† interchangeably; doing so is not an error. However, many writers observe a difference between the two. The Chicago Manual of Style does not state the difference as a rule, but does mention it in the section called â€Å"Good usage versus common usage: To compare with is to discern both similarities and differences between things. To compare to is to note primarily similarities between things. For example, in the context of discussing the history of wartime nursing, one might compare Clara Barton to Florence Nightingale and be done with it; both women are noted for caring for wounded men on the battlefield. Compare with would be reserved for a detailed comparison that notes differences between two people who are similar in some respects, but not in others. compare notes â€Å"To compare notes† means â€Å"to compare observations.† For example, friends attending a conference might go to different sessions and later talk to each other about what they learned. Students reading the same novel might compare notes on their individual impressions. compare apples to oranges â€Å"To compare apples and oranges† is usually used in a context in which two things are so different from one another as to defy meaningful comparison. For example, the tiny country of Finland is often held up as a model for U.S. public education, but American educators protest in such statements as this: â€Å"Finland has free health care and preschool. We don’t. You’re comparing apples to oranges.† Related post: Compared to or compared with? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsTime Words: Era, Epoch, and Eon20 Ways to Cry

Community Service Argument Essays

Community Service Argument Essays Community Service Argument Essay Community Service Argument Essay Community Service Argument Green Bay High Schools are being faced with a really controversial issue. which revolves around whether or non community service hours are needed to graduate. High schools are reasoning that 24 hours of community service are needed to graduate from their installation of larning. but many defeated pupils are voicing protests to this demand. This state of affairs has caused much contention among the school system and many statements have risen in support and against this community service issue. Supporters of the community service undertaking argue that if pupils fulfill their 24 hours of community service in high school they will develop into solid pillars of the community. They believe that pupils will go better cognizant of what the existent universe is like by making community service and giving back to their community. Students will larn valuable life lessons by take parting in community service and will experience good about themselves for assisting others in demand. Protestors have struck back with a really solid statement. They feel that if high school pupils are forced to make community service they will get down to see it as a penalty and as something that they have to make because it is required alternatively of something that they want to make because it is the right thing to make. Students will in the hereafter look back at the community service undertakings that they were forced to make throughout high school and will go on to transport a negative mentality on community service for the entireness of their life-time. Another thought that the protestors give about this community service issue is clip restraints will do it near to impossible for high school pupils to make full the necessary 24 hours needed to graduate. High school pupils have an tremendous sum of things traveling on in their lives. They attend school daily for 7 hours. take part in extra-curricular activities. and have parttime occupations. High school pupils have such a limited sum of clip for themselves. as it is that by tacking on another time-consuming undertaking like community service is pathetic. Supporters argue back that high school pupils merely need to carry through 24 hours of community service throughout 4 old ages. that truly isn’t inquiring a whole batch of clip committedness. If pupils budget their clip and get down the community service when they are a first-year all they need to make is an hr every other hebdomad and they will still be done with a twelvemonth or so to save. A concluding controversial issue that pops up is transit. The protestors argue that fresher and sophomores in high school do non hold their driver’s licence. so how are they expected to acquire to their community service site when their parents or friends are at work or merely to occupy to give them a drive. Unless the school offers a agency of transit for the pupils there truly is no solution to this job. The protagonists argue that pupils can happen community service undertakings near to place or if they live in the state happen another pupil to auto pool with. Coercing pupils to finish 24 hours of community service in high school in order to graduate is a really controversial issue. Both sides have solid statements about why community service should or should non be forced upon pupils. Community service is a fantastic thing that everyone should be required to make at some point in their life. but are high school pupils mature and responsible plenty to take on community service undertakings at this phase in their life?

Answer the following questions in one paragraph each Assignment

Answer the following questions in one paragraph each - Assignment Example special and that the United States wanted to show their might over the Soviet Union in that only one atomic bomb could have caused Japan to surrender and advocate for respect of international law by all (The New York Times, n.d). According to â€Å"Morality Reduced to Numbers† by Holt, the doctrine of double effect allows the use of methods that can bring harm to a small number of people for the purpose of saving many lives. This doctrine applies to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki where many innocent Japanese citizens lost their lives. Although the bombings caused some deaths on the military, most of those who died were innocent children, women and men. This was the United States’ decision to end the war which could cause more deaths than what was witnessed in the two cities. It also is explained that the attacks made Japan to surrender and this prevented further destructions of lives as it has been explained that the Japan military had organized to invade the United States. However, many people have had different opinions whether that was the only way to stop and make Japan to surrender (Holt, 1995). In â€Å"The Biotech revolution† (2012), Dr. Michio Kaku explains the negative future developments that are going to be encountered by human. Kaku explains that technology causes some problems on human health that can be long term. The health effects are as a result of the impact of the Atomic bombs. Kaku explains that the elements from atomic bomb chemicals are going to cause future problems that will affect the children born. The New York Times. (1995). HIROSHIMA; Justified Bombings? A Survivors Reply. Retrieved on 16th May 2014 from

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

American history - Essay Example A good understanding of a country’s political culture can help determine the way its government is run, how governmental decisions are made, and more importantly how assets such as land are divided among citizens and put into use. In Native American societies, land was owned collectively by the tribe. An individual had the right to a particular parcel of land only as long as he could put it into proper use lest it went back to communal ownership. The issue of land ownership as a private property which could be bought or sold did not exist. It was until the European settlers brought with them the new ideas of fee simple land ownership, freehold tenure as well as property deeds. The private land ownership and the liberty to do whatever individual aspirations with one’s land were, and still are, essential to the founding values of the US. The agrarian and industrial revolutions led to the unprecedented population growth in the original states. Everyone was acutely aware of the great potential benefits that could be offered by lands. It can be coined to the colonial experience in the issues of land ordinances, they had the knowledge on what it means if an individual would be mandated to work on a piece of land (Ronald 56). The definition of property boundary line would also provide a sense of security in the land ownership, by minimizing the likelihood of boundary disputes. Moreover, it would give the government a number of well-defined plots of land for future developments. This instigated Thomas Jefferson to design a system of surveying the lands that might avoid the pitfalls of earlier methods of determining boundaries. The earlier methods did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled first before they become states (Brückner 191). Histor ically Public Land Survey as a method has been used to survey and spatially identify land parcels before description of ultimate ownership

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french Essay

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french and Russian revolutions - Essay Example This discourse seeks to compare the influence of revolutionary leadership on French and Russian Revolutions. An analysis of the French Revolution clearly shows that the revolution occurred mainly as a result of poor leadership though the economy also played a part in its establishment. In this respect, historians reveal that in the 1780s just before the beginning of the French Revolution, the leaders of the country made a terrible mistake by allocating a large portion of the budget to finance the lavish estate of King Louis XVI at Versailles (Lucas 1973, p. 86). Surprisingly they did this despite the fact that many French citizens were suffering as the majority were not able to put food on the table. At the same time, the leaders allowed the country to operate without a central bank and paper currency and utilized antiquated tax system that only taxed the poor who had no money with which to buy even food. The continued poor leadership demonstrated by the top leaders of the country angered the French poor comprising mainly of the peasants who started to protest against poor leadership. The angered peasants reportedly invaded the Bastille in search of guns to use against the oppressive leaders. The invasion of Bastille resulted in a revolt against the king all over France. The revolt continued throughout 1789, resulting in the overthrow of King Louis (Lefebvre 2005, p. 34). It was after his toppling that the French established a democratic government. The Declaration of the Rights of Man doctrine was established after that, serving as the ground for the revolutionary French leaders. The French Revolution also resulted in the establishment of a government consisting of three arms, namely the executive, judiciary, and legislature. Under the new system of government, the executive was still headed by the King though the King only served as a figurehead with no real power. Similarly, the chaotic Russian

Profile of Senator Barack Obama Essay Example for Free

Profile of Senator Barack Obama Essay Barack Obama is one of the top candidates for the democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. His political experience has not been as long as some of his competitors, but Obama has served eleven meaningful years as a senator from the state of Illinois. As the son of parents from both the state of Kansas and the country of Kenya, Obama’s diverse background is one of the many desirable qualities that he brings into the presidential race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has now turned his sights on the presidential race, where he is running as a democrat. He is currently one of the leaders in that race, and is thought by many to hold a slight lead over Senator Hilary Clinton, He was recently endorsed by powerful talk show host Oprah Winfrey, who has lent her support in private for a long time now. Though Obama does not have the long political record that some of the other candidates have, he makes up for that by providing a fresh outlook and exciting perspective in a race that greatly needs such attributes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has taken some hard line stances on many of the biggest issues of this year’s campaign. The senator has consistently supported the woman’s right to choose in regards to abortion. His pro-choice mentality is something that sets him apart from many of the candidates in the race. One of the issues that Obama has concentrated on is immigration reform. According to the senator’s official website, â€Å"Barack Obama has played a leading role in crafting comprehensive immigration reform. Obama believes the immigration issue has been exploited by politicians to divide the nation rather than find real solutions† (Obama).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important issues in this election is the war in Iraq. On that, Obama has consistently stood by his pledge to bring the soldiers home and work to end the conflict. His ideas on foreign policy have been the subject much speculation over the last couple of months. An Associated Press article stated that â€Å"Obama, closing the three-hour policy forum, said a president should be unafraid to meet with tyrants, and must restore the nations moral authority by ending torture, closing Guantanamo Bays military prison and helping fight global poverty and AIDS† (Babington).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has fought with competitor Hilary Clinton on a number of issues in debates and in the press on a number of issues, but none has been more common than health care. According to Timothy Noah of The Slate, â€Å"Obamas plan creates various mechanisms to make both private and public health insurance more readily available† (Noah). This plan puts the responsibility on the American people to make their own choices about healthcare, while many universal healthcare plans make the decision for the people. This is one of the issues where Obama has received high marks from prospective voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus far, Barack Obama has performed very well in debates, both formal and off of the stage. Though poll numbers have fluctuated based upon whom one asked, Obama has stayed mostly strong through the duration of his campaign. As the campaign has progressed, Obama’s positions have continually been challenged on a number of issues and he has consistently had to defend them against challengers. With the endorsement form Oprah in his back pocket and the primaries on the horizon, Obama looks to have taken momentum into a very important part of the campaign. Works Cited Obama, Barack. Obama ’08: Official Website. â€Å"Immigration and the Border†. http://www.barackobama.com/issues/immigration_and_the_border/ Babington, Charles. (AP) Obama Touts new Diplomatic Approaches. 28 November 2007. http://www.wkrn.com/nashville/news/ap-obama-touts-new-diplomatic-approaches/130230.htm Noah, Timothy. Obama vs. Clinton on Universality. 30 November 2007. http://www.slate.com/id/2178896/fr/rss/

Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Essay -- Animal Farm Ess

Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Animal Farm, by George Orwell was published in 1945, a crucial time in history because of Stalin’s takeover of the Soviet Union and his exploitation of the centralized communist government. This was in direct contradiction to the expected results of the Russian Revolution. Orwell felt that revolutions fail because the end result is a change of tyrants and not of government. Orwell exemplifies this failure through the goals of the revolution and their failure to meet them, the malfunction of Napoleon and Snowball’s rule together, and Napoleon’s disastrous reign. The goals of the Revolution and the failure to meet them, is one way Orwell exemplifies his philosophy. Before the Revolution, the inhabitants of Animal Farm are ruled by the tyrannical Jones. The animals get fed up with the treatment they are receiving and, at the meeting, Old Major provides a solution, Revolution. Even at this meeting the pigs, including Napoleon, sit close to the front, showing the social classes that already exist. The Revolution plans to overthrow Jones and set up an animal government. Their goals are to be completely self sufficient and not have to rely on humans in any way. These goals are seemingly idealistic but the animals do not achieve these for more than about six months. The reason for this is the pigs becoming corrupt and wanting to break the commandments for their own pleasure. Shortly after the meeting with Old Major, the Revolutio...

Peru Research Paper Essay

Madison Spence 17 February 2013 Spanish 2312 Professor Elsa Coronado-Salinas Santa Rosa de Lima The country of Peru is home to many holidays and festivals each year. From the New Year’s Day celebration to the Christmas day celebration, Peru has set aside an abundance of days to observe the country’s many historic events. A very popular holiday in the country is Santa Rosa de Lima which takes place each year on August 30. The holiday dates back to the 17th century and celebrates the death of the patroness of Lima, Santa Rosa. Santa Rosa was born on April 20, 1586 by the name of Isabel, but was later nick-named Rosa because of her looks and her rosy cheeks. She spent a majority of her childhood in the small town of Quive, in the hills of Lima. As Rosa grew up, she became extremely religious and started practicing very extreme forms of religion. She grew up to be a very very beautiful woman, but she came to resent her looks. She did everything to ‘undo’ her beauty. She fasted herself, cut her hair, and wore a thorn crown to divert attention away from her beautiful looks and towards God. Rosa wanted to join a monastery but her family was too poor to afford it so she moved away from her family and into a cottage she built herself. Rosa’s days consisted of praying and feeding and caring for the sick and poor people in her town. She sold flowers and needlework to support herself and her family. At the age of 20, Rosa was let into the â€Å"Third Order† without having to pay for it. Her religious practices took on a new extreme as she gave up all normal food and lived off of bread and water as well as herbs and juices from plants that she grew in her own garden. She constantly wore a metal crown around her head and an iron chain around her waist. After keeping up with this behavior for fourteen years, Rosa died at the young age of 31 on August 24, 1617. She was worshipped by so many people that all of the religious groups and public authorities attended her funeral. She was originally buried at the Dominican Convent but her remains were soon moved to the Church of Santo Domingo. She was later named the first saint in the New World by Pope Clemente X. Her shrine is still located inside the St. Dominic Convent in Lima. The holiday is a very celebrated day across the country, but has more of an emphasis in the city of Santa Rosa de Quives which lies in the Lima Highlands. Worshippers group together in a shelter in the middle of the city and is known as a day of feast in Peru. It is also tradition to drop a letter of good will into the tree that Santa Rosa tossed her key. Even though she died on August 24, her death is celebrated by feasting on August 30 because a Saint was already celebrated on the day of her actual death Easy, Lima, ed. â€Å"Santa Rosa De Lima.† Lima City Travel Guide. LimaEasy SAC, 03/009/2011. Web. 28 Jun 2012. http://www.limaeasy.com/index.php â€Å"Peru Celebrates Santa Rosa de Lima.† A Global World. A Global World, 2012. Web. 28 Jun 2012. .