Physics of Toilets :: physics toilet toilets

Throughout the ages we have seen timeless inventions to numerous to name. We have seen e rattlingthingfrom the inventio of the radio to the engine to the atomic bomb. But there is sensation invention that goes onunappreciated, even looked hatful upon. The lot. The toilet is an amazingly simple invention which,without it, the world would be a very different place. Without toilets there would be waste in our housesas well as in the streets that would have to be manu solelyy taken care of. Without the flush toilet there is nopossible way that the world could survive as populated as it is. It is an invention that has become, in ourtime, a necessity.The Birth of the Flush ToiletThe first successful attempt at a true water flush toilet as see them today came as early as 1862. Known as a washout, it consisted of a bowl with a hole in the bottom on the front or back. Below this was a p-trap filled with water in order to prevent gas escape.Such wonderful devices became very popular over to the outhouses and earth closets (portable outhouses). They were much liked, though known to often flush incompletely.An improvewment was made on the washout when the bowl was combined as one with the p-trap. This was known as a washdown. Though it was an improvement, neither the washout nor the washdown were known for aconsistent complete flush.Nearing the end of the centruy, sanitaryware manufacturers discovered that by diverting some of the water from storage tank pipe into the bowl acting almost like a jet flush. It was also learned that if the shape of the p-trap exit were changed it would act almost as a siphon sucking everything from the bowl.Thus the modern flush toilet was born. Though people often credit Thomas Crapper for the invention of the flush toilet, he was in actuality only the owner of one of the first largest toilet manufacturers. It was in fact a collection of ideas of many people from Leonardo DaVinci to John Harrington to black lovage Cumming and on through history. The Basic Concept Behind the Flushing ToiletFlushing a toilet is the perfect example of basic physics. A toilet is little more than a storage tank of potential energy. The tank on the back of every toilet, as most people know, is filled with water.When the flushing lever is pressed all of the stored water in the tank is suddenly released through a hole in the bottom of the tank.

The Latino Culture in America Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

The Latino Culture in America Latinos have struggled to discover their place wrong of a white America for too many geezerhood. Past stereotypes and across racism they have fought to belong. Still America is unwilling to open her arms to them. Instead she demands assimilation. With her chain reactor full of stew she asks, What flavor will you add to this brew? Some question, some rebel, and others climb in. I argue that it is not the Latino who willingly agree to partake in this stew. It is America who forced her ideals upon them through mass media and stale history. However her effort has failed, for they have refused to melt. The struggle to find a place inside an un-welcoming America has forced the Latino to recreate one. The Latino feels out of place, torn from the womb inside of Americas reality because she would rather use it than know it (Paz 226-227). In response, the Mexican women planted the seeds of home inside the corral*. These tended and potted plants became her burr ow of solace and place of acceptance. In the comfort of the suns slices and underneath the orange scents, the women were free. Still the questions pounded in the troll of street side whispers. The outside stare thundered in pulses, you are different it said. Instead of listening she tried to instill within her children the pride of language, song, and culture. Her roots cheat soul into the stubborn soil and strength grew with each blossom of the fig tree (Goldsmith). The adolescent rebelled. Speaking out is an exercise of privilege. Speaking out takes practice. button up ensures invisibility. Silence provides protection (Montoya 282). Graffiti tagged cracks seeped in blood, it remind the young of their battle with an invisible division. In Octavio P... ...wler-Salamini and Mary Kay Vaughan, eds Creating Spaces, Shaping Transitions Women of the Mexican Countryside, 1850-1990 Tucson University of genus Arizona Press, 1994. Montoya, Margret E. Masks and Identify, and Masks and Re sistance, in The Latino/a Condition A Critical Reader sassy York New York University Press, 1998. Paz, Octavio. Pachucos and Other Extremes in The Labyrinth of Solitude and The Other Mexico New York Grove Press, 1985 Bradbury, Ray. The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit (originally published in 1958) in The Chicano From Caricature to Self-Portrait New York A mentor Book from New American Library, Times Mirror, 1971 *meaning garden, the experience of gardening in central Mexico (Goldsmith) *Many of the juvenile gangs that have formed in the United States in recent years are reminiscent of the post -war pachucos (Paz, 14).

Macbeths Varying Atmosphere :: Macbeth essays

Macbeths Varying Atmosphere Concerning the atmosphere in William Shakespeares Macbeth, the reader might say that it is ever-changing and yet constant in many ways. Let us look at it in this essay. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the influence - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic The enigmatical nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality (nothing is, but what is not), which has yet such power to smother vital function, the unnaturalness of corruptive (against the use of nature), and the relation between disintegration in the individual (my single state of man) and disorder in the larger social beingness - all these are major themes of the play which are mirrored in the speech under consideration. (94) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere touch the play The state of sublime emotion into wh ich we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time gutter the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses oer seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be avowedly and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. Ks performance of that part, the painful anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the likewise close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness . . .. (134) D. F. Bratchell in Shakespearean Tragedy records Charles Lambs consideration of Macbeths atmosphere as essential to the purpose of the play For Lamb the essence of the tragedy in Macbeth lies in the poetically suggested atmosphere of horror and evil impulse, r eadily seized upon by the imagination of the perceptive reader, whereas stage pattern concentrates the mind on the action. (133-34) Roger Warren comments in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunns direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, on opponent imagery used to support the opposing atmospheres of purity and black magic Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic.

Nucor Corporation in 2001 Essay -- Steel Producers Nucor Essays

Nucor Corporation in 2001Nucors History Nucor Corporation is the second-largest brace shaper in the United States and has had net sales of $4.6 billion in 2000. Nucor recycles approximately 10 million tons of scrap steel. It operates in 9 states and produces carbon and misdirect steel in bars, beams, sheet, and plate steel joists and joist girders steel deck cold finished steel steel fasteners metal building systems and light gauge steel framing. The company emerged from near Bankruptcy in 1966 to become one of the fastest-growing steel. Despite the recession in 1991, Nucor grew into one of the biggest and best-known global producers of steel.Nucors origins are with auto manufacturer Ransom E. Olds, who founded Oldsmobile and then Reo Motor Cars. Through a series of transactions, the company Olds founded eventually became the Nuclear Corporation of America. Nuclear Corporation was involved in the atomic instrument and electronics business in the 1950s and early 1960s.The compan y suffered through several money-losing years, and when facing bankruptcy in 1964, installed F. Kenneth Iverson as chair and Samuel Siegel as Vice President of Finance. This change in management led to a restructuring and a decision to rebuild the company around the major profitable operations the steel joist businesses in Florence, South Carolina and Norfolk, Nebraska called Vulcraft.The company moved its headquarters from Phoenix, Arizona to Charlotte, North Carolina in 1966, and expanded the joist business with new operations in Texas and Alabama. Management then decided to integrate backwards into steel making by building its first steel bar mill in Darlington, South Carolina in 1968. In 1972 the company adopted the name Nucor Corporation. Since that time, Nucor has built three more Vulcraft facilities, eight steel mills, and expanded into other steel products. Current Strategy and Future outlookNucor is pursuing long-term growth and wants to improve its position from the seco nd-largest U.S. steelmaker by overtaking U.S. steel, who is the industry drawing card. Its current strategy is to be the lowest cost supplier of steel by finding opportunities to reduce cost. It emphasizes on technological leadership by aggressive pursuit of innovation and technical excellence. It puts strong emphasis on employee relations and provides fair compensation and ... .... It would reduce cost by removing the redundant duplicate efforts by the divisions. It would also bring the top executives on the same summon and controlling the business would be much easier for them.Nucor should continue to be the low-cost, quality provider by using all its strengths. It should continue to be the technological leader by quickly identifying and adopting new technologies. With the competition getting so tough, Nucor should partner with companies coming up with the newest technology, instead of trying to do it on their own. This would reduce the R&D effort and cost and help Nucor get to the technology faster.Nucor should grow by acquiring other companies, but care must be taken to see that they fit strategically. It should also look outside the U.S. for consolidation opportunities. By going outside of the U.S. it may be able to reduce the energy, raw material and labor costs, which will give it an edge over its domestic competitors. Finally, it should use all its influence to increase the mounting pressure on the Bush administration, to shoot the breeze 40 percent import tariffs and quotas that will provide some relief from the dumping by the foreign steel producers.

Henry Cisneros :: essays research papers

Henry G. Cisneros was born on July 11, 1947 in San Antonio. He graduated from Texas A&M with a bachelors of arts and a masters of arts degree in Urban and Regional Planning. He also earned a Masters degree in Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy inculcate of Government at Harvard and a Ph.D. in Public Administration from George Washington University.After serving both years in the United States army in 1968, he began his career in public service by on the job(p) as an administrative assistant in the San Antonio metropolis Managers office, working as an assistant to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Beginning in 1974, he taught public policy at the University of Texas-San Antonio. In 1975, Henry was elected to the San Antonio City Council. As a council member, he emphasized the economic development and cooperation between the citys Hispanic and White residents.He served on the City council until 1981, when he was elected to be the Mayor of San Antonio, wh ich is the nations 10th largest city, thus, becoming the first Hispanic mayor of a major U.S. city. During the time Cisneros was Mayor from 1981 until 1989, he rebuilt the citys economic stability by increasing tourism and creating jobs in downtown San Antonio, recruiting convention business, attracting high tech industries, and expanding housing opportunities. In 1985, he was elected president of the National compact of Cities. And, in 1989, he became chairman of his newly organized Cisneros Asset Management Company, which was a financial management firm for tax-exempt institutions. During this time, he received two awards the first was in 1982, when he was selected as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of America. The second was four years later in 1986, when City and State Magazine named him Outstanding Mayor. In addition to these two awards, he was awarded with Vista Magazines Hispanic Man of the Year Honor in 1991. For three years after leaving his job as Mayor, Henry hoste d Texans, which is a one hour television show that is produced quarterly in Texas, and Adelante, which is a national daily Spanish-language radio commentary.

Henry Cisneros :: essays research papers

Henry G. Cisneros was born on July 11, 1947 in San Antonio. He graduated from Texas A&M with a bachelors of arts and a masters of arts degree in Urban and Regional Planning. He also earned a Masters degree in Public giving medication from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and a Ph.D. in Public Administration from George Washington University.After serving two years in the join States army in 1968, he began his career in public service by working as an administrative assistant in the San Antonio urban center animal trainers office, working as an assistant to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Beginning in 1974, he taught public policy at the University of Texas-San Antonio. In 1975, Henry was elected to the San Antonio City Council. As a council member, he emphasized the economic development and cooperation between the citys Hispanic and White residents.He served on the City council until 1981, when he was elected to be the Mayor of San Antonio, wh ich is the nations 10th largest city, thus, becoming the first Hispanic mayor of a major U.S. city. During the time Cisneros was Mayor from 1981 until 1989, he rebuilt the citys economic stability by increasing tourism and creating jobs in downtown San Antonio, recruiting convention business, attracting high tech industries, and expanding housing opportunities. In 1985, he was elected president of the National League of Cities. And, in 1989, he became chairman of his newly organized Cisneros Asset Management Company, which was a financial management firm for tax-exempt institutions. During this time, he received two awards the first was in 1982, when he was selected as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of America. The second was four years later(prenominal) in 1986, when City and State Magazine named him Outstanding Mayor. In addition to these two awards, he was awarded with Vista Magazines Hispanic Man of the social class Honor in 1991. For three years after leaving his job a s Mayor, Henry hosted Texans, which is a one hour television show that is produced every quarter in Texas, and Adelante, which is a national daily Spanish-language radio commentary.

Romanticism Paper

The art of love story evolved during sasss, The art focuses on different human emotions, natural environment, a persons experience, differences among people, traditional way of life and on the unique talent that every artist possess. The art of romanticism is present in literary working, poetry, performing arts, and music. During the period of romanticism, poetic creations were focuse on natures attracter and individual experiences in a locality. One illustration is the Song of Myself, a poem created by Walt Whitman.In this poem, he compared nature with errors like things and other beings. One of the lines Is crafted this way, My applauder every atom of my blood, and form from this soil, this air. What Whitman wrote was based on his own individual experience but it speaks about no contingent person. This kind of art fork overs feelings not only through the written words but also through the imagination that the reader has at the time that one reads the poem. Paintings during t he romanticism period show liberty in social and artistic laws.The capacity of colors and lines were maximized to give the painting creation a unique and emotional theme. One painting that portrays a true to life story is the Execution of the Citizens of Madrid, The portrait showed how Madrid forces opposed the army of Napoleon who were invading their country. Upon scrutinizing the portrait it is not difficult to jot the details that the painter wants to emphasize. It is clear that a man wearing a white shirt was about to be killed.Dark red, orange, and black colors were also used to show the negative and heavy feelings that the Individuals felt during that period. Geometric figures were also utilized to enhance the image shown in the painting. Through color blending and figure organization, the romanticism painters were able to showcase emotions and events in their art creations. Dance courses during the romanticism period show emotions through the different coordination. Ballet is one of famous dance movement that was developed during that time.Two major persons behind the development of romanticism dance are Audiophile Gaudier and Carlo Blasts. Gaudier is both a poet and a critic. He once said that dance was a visual performance that depicts attractive creations through graceful movements. For him, dancing is an art like how painting and sculptures ere classified as art works. On the other hand, Carols impulse on dancing is particular and procedural. For him, dancing is a combination of structure, position, and training. Ballet, for example has to have the starting point, the climax, and an ending.He is not giving his dancers the option to create their own unsex of movements but all of them have to adhere to what his rules are. His dancers would have to portray the emotions that Carlo wants them to portray. Gaudier is different. He wants his dancers to think outside the box to create a unique coordination. Gaudier allows is dancers to freely contain th emselves though dance movements and for him, it is where art is. Both of them have their own point of view about how dancing should be called an art and their contributions in the field were considered significant.Symphonies, piano, and opera are few of the music that was developed during the romanticism period. Beethoven was one of the significant persons during romanticism period in the field of music. He was a unblemished composer and was well- rounded in creating a piece out of the different instrumental sounds. His pieces were loud and full of energy. A person listening to his creation would imagine ceremonial a dramatic play or feeling uneasy for an intensified problem. An opera can both have a serene and piercing theme.This depends on the song and the instruments being used. Opera music is not a stand-alone art. It can be played during a ballet performance or during a stage play. Opera can enhance the emotional expressions that an act should portray. To give a concrete exa mple, imagine an act during a storm the opera vocalizer allow sing a fast and loud song to add intensity to the act. If the act is at a lake with a swan, the opera singer will sing in a slow and calm tone to ad peacefulness to the scene. Playing piano can enhance the imagery of a particular scene.Even if it is played alone, the sound that a piano creates can stimulate emotions of the listeners. Indeed, the music during the romanticism era creates a variety of moods. To sum up, the period of romanticism focuses on expressions and moods. The art in the field of music, painting, poetry and dancing were greatly affected by the art evolution during this era. These effects can be seen from different works that were introduced during the period. Reference Spore, D. J. 0. Reality Through The Arts

Adavantages of Management Accounting Information

Advantages of focus bill nurture The provision of management accounting information are for the intention of readiness, control and decision reservation which may contribute to the success of an organization. Management accounting is the process of gathering information about economic activity that willing be advantageous for the organization.For the planning of an organization, the charabanc underside use the historical, amaze and future information obtained from management accounting which based on the organizations situation and position in predicting organizations future needs, consideration clearer objective and implementing specific strategies that can bring achievement to the organization. After interpreting relevant management accounting information provided, it will be more cost-efficient for the organization to apply and realize their planning and objective that had been set earlier.For the planning of an organization, the manager can use the historical, presen t and future information obtained from management accounting which based on the organizations situation and position in predicting organizations future needs, setting clearer objective and implementing specific strategies that can bring achievement to the organization. After interpreting relevant management accounting information provided, it will be more efficient for the organization to apply and realize their planning and objective that had been set earlier.Management accounting open to assists the manager in controlling organizations cash arise and improve monetary stability which included the costs and business operational expenses. With the management accounting information obtained, the manager is able to review the cost of economic resources and other business operations. Therefore, the manager is clearer and familiar with the estimation of cost needed to run the business. Manager can analyze the quality of economic resources consumed in producing goods by using the manag ement accounting information.As an example, if the over whole quality of product would not be affected significantly by replacing with cheaper raw material, the manager can change towards a reduction of production costs. Budgeting is considered as major part of management accounting. To create an effective financial plan with lower operational expenses, manager able to analyze necessary and unnecessary business expenses based on the budget plan obtained from management accounting information in the pathway of prudence money for the organization. In ontrast, there is also some limitation of management accounting information which based on financial and cost accounting. The interpretation of financial information ordinarily depends on the interpreters judgments. The accuracy of decision mostly will be affected by their personal bias or prejudices. Manager usually uses management accounting information as a decision-making tool. This is because management accounting information consi sts of specific and accurate details related to different competitors, market and fabrication the organization involved.With the analyzed data such as competitive advantages, consumers demand, potential sales and consumers response to price change, manager is able to make decision among all other business opportunities. In contrary, there are some limitations of the management accounting information. The quality of the information is restricted with the proper understanding and knowledge of the management accountants who provided the information.They may be lack of knowledge in related subject such as Statistic and economics, thus it will lead to inaccurate management accounting information. In conclusion, it is foreseeable that management accounting information is important and can be known as a business tool for the organization although it may has some limitations. But, it can also overcome by applying expertise and professional training for every level of management in the orga nization.Therefore, the information still able to assists in internal operation management of an organization. Furthermore, all decisions of the organization rely heavily management accounting information due to the reason it identifies all the factors that will affect the organization to succeed. ABMC 2023 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING FUNDAMENTALS TUTORIAL GROUP 2DAC4 WORD COUNT 2997 NAME STUDENT ID KHOR SEONG SENG 11PBD05485 KHOR PEI CHIEN 11PBD03114 KHOR SHER LEE 11PBD06416 ONG KAR SIN 11PBD03057 YE YUN SHENG 11PBD04700

Bristol Myers Squibb

Bristol Myers Squibb was formed in 1887 when McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers bought the Clinton pharmaceutical political party in Clinton New York. In 1900 Bristol-Myers broke through into the black it has remained at that place ever since. In 1924, gross profits topped $1 million for the maiden time in Bristol-Myers history. The c altogetherer-ups crossways were then sold in 26 countries. At this point, the shares held by John Myerss heirs became available for sale, triggering a series of moves that in 1929 turned Bristol-Myers into a publicly held compevery, listed on the New York Stock Exchange.The postwar depression prompted Bristol-Myers to jettison its pharmaceutical business and devote itself entirely to its specialties Sal Hepatica and Ipana, its two big winners, and a dozen or so assorted toiletries, antiseptics and cough syrups. By the end of the war, it was clear that penicillin and other antibiotics represented an immense opportunity for Bristol-Myers. In 1921 the Squibb party coined its slogan The priceless(prenominal) ingredient in every product is the honor and integrity of its maker, which is straight off the bodied slogan of Bristol Myers Squibb.In 1989 Bristol-Myers merged with Squibb, creating a global attr routineion in the health care industry. The merger created what was then the knowledge domains second-largest pharmaceutical enterprise. BMS is now ranked 8 in the pharma sector. Current Drugs, Issues and Interests The Comp whatever operates in three segments Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and some other Healthcare. The Pharmaceuticals segment is made up of the global pharmaceutical and inter field consumer medicines business. The Nutritionals segment consists of Mead Johnson Nutritionals (Mead Johnson), primarily an infant formula and childrens nutritional business.The Other Healthcare segment consists of ConvaTec, Medical Imaging and Consumer Medicines (United States and Canada) businesses. In 1991, the beau monde rec eived U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the U. S. for Videx (didanosine) to a fault known as ddI, making it the second medicine available for treating human immunodeficiency virus infection (the other being AZT). Other approvals that year included an antibiotic, Cefzil (cefprozil) two cardiovascular agents, Pravachol (pravastatin sodium) Tablets and Monopril (fosinopril sodium) Tablets and a central nervous system drug, Stadol NS ( furtherorphanol tartrate) C-IV.In that same year, the companies signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the National Cancer Institute to question and win a new compound for treating certain types of burncer. This compound, TAXOL (paclitaxel) Injection, immediately was established as the go withs top research priority. Bristol-Myers Squibb invested hundreds of millions of dollars to supply TAXOL in sufficient quantities for clinical trials, to prepare data for regulatory submission and to develop alternative sour ces of TAXOL (which originally was derived from the bark of an endangered tree, the Pacific Yew).TAXOL launched in 1993 and quickly became atomic number 53 of the worlds most widely used skunkcer treatments. For a a few(prenominal) years BMS held the exclusive rights to harvest the bark of the endangered yew trees on US soil, the trees bark is used in making TAXOL. By the end of 1995, the telephoner had over 60 product lines with $50 million or more in annual sales worldwide. At the beginning of 1998, the FDA granted clearance to market Excedrin Migraine for the relief of migraine organizeache pain and associated symptoms. Excedrin Migraine became the first migraine headache medication available to consumers without a prescription.In 1999, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced SECURE THE FUTURE, a $100 million commitment to advance HIV/AIDS research and community outreach programs in five southern African countries second Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. And in 2000 , Bristol-Myers Squibb, together with four other pharmaceutical companies and international agencies, joined the UNAIDS Drug get at Initiative. The ACCESS program aims to make antiretroviral medicines and therapies to treat opportunistic infections more widely available in African countries that induct developed a coherent national AIDS strategy.As part of the program, the company offered to lower the prices of HIV/AIDS medicines in those countries by 90 percent. More recently, Bristol-Myers Squibb took its access efforts a step further, offering HIV/AIDS drugs below woo in Africa and committing an additional $15 million for extending SECURE THE FUTURE to four Western African countries Burkina Faso, Cote dIvoire, Mali and Senegal. The company is also ensuring that its patents do non prevent inexpensive HIV/AIDS therapy in Africa.The patent for Zerit, rights to which are owned by Yale University and Bristol-Myers Squibb, is now available at no cost to treat AIDS in southern Afri ca. However, issues like losing patents like this and a few more in South Africa has cleard many occupations for drug companies and BMS is not immune to them. In September 2000, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced a new strategy that includes a sharpened focus on medicines and an aggressive external development program. As part of this new strategy, the company announced its intention to divest its Clairol and Zimmer businesses.The company announced in June 2001 that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company for $7. 8 trillion an acquisition intended to further strengthen Bristol-Myers Squibbs medicines business. With the DuPont acquisition, Bristol-Myers Squibb added Sustiva (efavirenz) Capsules to its HIV portfolio and also gained products such as Coumadin (warfarin sodium tablets, USP) Crystalline, the U. S. leading ordained anti-coagulant and Cardiolite (Kit for the preparation of Technetium Tc99m Sestamibi for Injection), a medical im aging agent.In November 2002, the FDA canonical Abilify (aripiprazole) for the treatment of schizophrenia. In 2003, the company teamed up with cancer survivor and Tour de France champion go Armstrong to sponsor the Bristol-Myers Squibb TOUR OF HOPE, an unprecedented week- tenacious coast-to-coast cycling event. En route, the 26- section team of cancer survivors, caregivers, physicians, nurses and researchers raised awareness of cancer research and the importance of clinical trials in developing new treatments.Reyataz (atazanavir sulfate), the first protease inhibitor for the treatment of HIV/AIDS with once-a-day dosing, was introduced in the U. S. in July 2003 and approved for marketing in Europe in marchland 2004. On March 29, 2005, the FDA approved Baraclude (entecavir). Baraclude, discovered by Bristol-Myers Squibb scientists, is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Bristol-Myers Squibb announced the FDA approval of Orencia (abatacept) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis on December 23, 2005. Orencia is the first in a new class of medications for this disease.On February 28, 2006, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Somerset Pharmaceuticals announced FDA approval of EMSAM (selegiline trasdermal system), the first transdermal patch for the treatment of major depressive disorder. SPRYCEL (dasatinib), discovered by Bristol-Myers Squibb scientists, was approved by the FDA on June 28, 2006, for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences announced the FDA approval of ATRIPLA (efavirenz 600 mg/ emtricitabine 200 mg/ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg) on July 12, 2006. ATRIPLA is the first-ever once-daily single tablet sustenance for HIV.As a strategy they are focusing on ten diseases, these are affective (psychiatric) disorders, Alzheimers/dementia, atherosclerosis/thrombosis, diabetes, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, obesity, oncology, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, and solid electronic organ tr ansplant. Current Financials The menses financial development of the company from MSN Central is as below. The revenues mystify not been growing in spite of all the successful products that choose been launched and that is an area for change. The company needs to improve its revenues and have a positive trend in profits too.The profits are almost 16%, however, that looks parboil when compared to GSK and Merck both in the 20- 22% range (Fortune 500 list). In circumstance at 15%, the company is ranked 10 out of 12 in the pharma sector and the revenues are 8 out of 12. That for a company that is going to be 120 years in 2007 is poor. As discussed in the current drugs, issues and interests section, the company is focusing on some key diseases and getting some fantastic drugs in the market. However, all this is somehow not improving the revenue. In fact in the last 5 years, revenue has grown at less than 2% year on year.On the current price ($24), the share gives a 6% return on inv estment (EPS is $1. 43). Currently, they are benefiting from the effect of letting go of their CEO Peter Dolan and the company is touted as a takeover target. Their major problem is the failure to prevent Apotex from manufacturing clopidogrel bisulfate. Although BMS tried to stop Apotex by getting into a deal that would give Apotex $40 million for not manufacturing the drug, the US State attorney Generals however didnt let the deal go through and instead the company got into an investigation because of the whole mess that the deal created.From the BMS perspective, they were doing the right thing Plavix generates revenues of $5. 9 Billion. $3. 8 Billion are BMS and the rest is Sanofi-Aventis. $3. 8Billion is almost 20% of BMSs revenue and Plavix gives approximately 40% of the profits in their US business. All this has a big impact on the dividend given by the company and most analysts have suggested that the dividend payout ordain have to be cut by almost 30-40 cents it was $1. 12 the previous year.BMS has a unassailable line up of drugs that are in the pipeline and would be a good takeover for any pharma company that has strong cash flow but weak pipeline. These are rumors but looking at the current scenario, it is a good possibility. The slowdown CEO James Cornelius headed Guidant and helped its sell-off. Vision, Mission and Goals The current vision mission and goals of BMS are referred as a pledge. The pledges are to different stakeholders and are as follows The BMS Pledge Our companys mission is to extend and enhance human life by providing the highest-quality pharmaceutical and related health care products.We pledge to our patients and customers, to our employees and partners, to our shareholders and neighbors, and to the world we serve to act on our belief that the priceless ingredient of every product is the honor and integrity of its maker. To Customers We pledge excellence in everything we make and market, providing the safest, most effective an d highest-quality medicines and health care products. We promise to continually improve our products through innovation, diligent research and development, and an unyielding commitment to be the very best. To ShareholdersWe pledge our consignment to responsibly change magnitude the shareholder value of your company based upon continued growth, strong finances, productive collaborations and innovation in research and development. To Communities We pledge conscientious citizenship, a helping moot for worthwhile causes and constructive action that supports a clean and healthy environment. We pledge Bristol-Myers Squibb to the highest measuring of moral and ethical behavior and to policies and practices that fully embody the responsibility, integrity and decency mandatory of free enterprise if it is to merit and maintain the confidence of our society.The new era for BMS must encounter that the pledge to the shareholders is held more firmly than it has been in the last few years. Th e company must improve revenues and margins. The stagnant revenues and profits are a cause for worry in the longer run. All pharma companies are scrap against smaller companies that want to make generics and Pfizer itself has been fighting for the patent of Lipitor, the worlds best selling drug with $12. 9 Billion in revenues. BMS needs to fix that the scandals that have been hitting it in the last 5 years never happen again and the company needs to have a higher standard of governance.Shareholder value erodes very quickly for many reasons, but off the last 3-5 years, bodily governance has been a major issue. Companies with tens of billions of dollars of revenue have disappeared and stocktakingholders have of a sudden seen their investment disappear with them. BMS has serious somatic governance issues. The company was hit by financial scandals when it was caught pushing inventories and showing them as sales. They have a lawcourt appointed overseer because of showing higher re venues and now with the Plavix issue they are in an even bigger mess as far as corporate governance goes.Apart from that, according to IMS health, a pharmaceutical information and consulting company, sales of prescription medicines worldwide rose 7% to $602 billion,. The United States still accounts for the lions share of that, with $252 billion in annual sales, but sales in it and the other nine biggest markets grew by only 5. 7%. But emerging markets such as China, Russia, South Korea and Mexico outpaced those markets, growing a whopping 81%. However, when we look at the overall picture 10 -20 years from now we see that the population of the developed world is going to fall and there pull up stakes be more and more raft who ordain be retired.This also means there will be more medicines required. I do not see myself dying at the age of 70 in the year 2040 medical technology will be so advanced in the next 30 years that it will probably keep me alive till I reach 80 or 90. This i s great news for the pharma companies. However, the question beckons that the mass who can afford expensive medicines for diseases that BMS is targeting are only in the developed countries where the growth has stagnated or is less than 10%. The growth is in the developing world, but the diseases that BMS is targeting are all that need lots of medicines and very expensive medicines.Taxol for example, is used for cancer patients. The medicine is now made by other companies too, and yet the prices for Taxol in the developing world are really high and people find it hard to afford Taxol. In my opinion, BMS has to handle 2 issues First is Corporate brass and the second is to crack the developing markets and affix market share in those countries, this will automatically increase its stagnant revenues and breathe some life into its ailing business. The markets are stagnant in the developed world.New Vision Statement I am making a few changes to the current pledges that BMS has to custom ers and shareholders. The changes reflect what the company needs to do in order to transform itself. To Customers We pledge excellence in everything we make and market, providing the safest, most effective, and cost effective and highest-quality medicines and health care products. We promise to continually improve our products through innovation, diligent research and development, and an unyielding commitment to be the very best. To ShareholdersWe pledge our dedication to responsibly increasing the shareholder value of your company based upon continued growth, strong finances, productive collaborations and innovation in research and development. We pledge to be passing careful in all governance issues and not succumb to the pressures of the market. We pledge to conduct our business with utmost fairness. Key Change Issues Lack of Corporate Governance is something that no company will admit, but that is the major problem facing BMS right now. Having an overseer is a bad indicator. Th e key change issues that we will boldness while changing the attitude towards corporate governance are1. The first issue is to change the behavior of bosses who force employees to act in ways that will be against any corporate governance policy. 2. The second change will be to create an atmosphere where an employee can raise an integrity or corporate governance concern. This is critical right now as it seems that over the last few years many things were not raised. 3. The third change will be in terms of managing the markets and expectations of all stakeholders, ultimately it is the expectations of the markets or other stakeholders that push the employees to cover up things or show a bright picture when there is none.It is important to manage the expectations. The next key change after corporate governance is to project that we can capture the growing markets. To capture the new markets, we will have to make a couple of changes in the way we do business. These changes are likely t o be as follows 1. Lower the cost of drugs most of the capital goes into research. The drugs that conquer markets cost hundreds of millions of dollars to make. So the cost of developing drugs has to be displace, once this cost is lowered, the cost of the drug per se can also be lowered accordingly.2. Come with products that cater to the growing segments there it is likely that the people in the developing countries will be using medicines that are generic. For a branded product to conquer that market, the companies have to give an added value to their product. This mogul mean, reworking some of the old compounds and coming up with extra strong versions or other versions that would differentiate the medicines BMS could summate up with a line of medication aimed at women with PMS or aimed at people over 70.This top executive be the normal medicines, but with a different potency or properties so that they would be go against suited to a different age group. 3. Newer gene types this power mean that there will be opportunities as people from different races office have different problems or might need different treatments. It is possible that the genes or body types in different races might respond differently to different molecules and thus would require modifications to the current molecules. Depending on the cost of doing this modification, BMS can decide to modify certain molecules to better suit different races.How will these areas be changed? What are the broad sets of proposals for change? The Critical Change requirement is Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is something that every company talks and boasts round but as we can see in case of BMS, this has failed grossly. The company actively needs to change the situation within its departments and particularly in the higher ranks to improve the Corporate Governance scenario and educate people about the problems that are caused because of bad governance.Before I dwell into how to combat cor porate governance, I would like to talk about why officials higher up in the ranks and even some in the lower ranks resort to conceal information that might be damaging to the company. The first reason is to ensure that their jobs are secure. If a person conceals information it is because they feel that the particular piece of information will be damaging to their job, their department or their interest. This is the basic level and it is very individualistic. However, it is this same thing that drives even the bigger corporate information scandals.The second reason for covert information or reporting wrong figures is to ensure that the company meets its goals. To take an example from an IT company, it is one thing to not report a data stealing because it might compromise the jobs of the IT security personnel, but quite another not to report the bugs that might exist in the new software that a company is making. Different projects have different timelines and it is critical for co mpanies to meet those timelines as revenues and profits are based on the sales of that new product.If we take windows Vista for example, picture has been delayed numerous times and because of that many partners of Microsoft are suffering, especially Intel. Microsoft has in public announced about the delays however a smaller company might choose to not mention a delay in their quarterly update. For the officials in the company it is something that protects the shareholders and other partners from the value perspective, but what they fail to see is the long term damage that their actions are causing.Concealing information today will have its repercussions in the next two quarters and eventually if someone finds out the rightful(a) picture, the stock market will kill the script and the valuation will suffer enormously. However, a public announcement about the delay will cause temporary drop in the stock valuation (till the product is back on track or launched in the market) but on a ad hominem level, it will affect the persons bonus (for sure) and the growth prospects of the higher ranks who were responsible for not delivering the results.The cost of revealing the truth means jobs and immediate losses in the stock markets. Many of the higher ranking officials have stock options and this makes it even more lucrative from a personal perspective to ensure that the company is shown in good light and seen as an entity that meets its goals and beats the market predictions. The corporate governance scenario gets worse because of the stock options but it can be much better if every one looked at the picture from a long term perspective. In the longer term, the company will deliver the products and make the profits.What every individual must visit is that a company will survive beyond every employee and every leader. One employee or a leader cannot make the company, there is always a team. However, a leader can easily break the company and corporate governance is one way of doing it with much ease. Coming to ways on how BMS can change the corporate governance culture within the organization I would cheer the following 3 changes 1. Top down pressure to conceal information 2. Protective climate for whistle blowers 3. Managing the expectations of the stock market and other stakeholdersTop down pressure to conceal information Driving the first one seems to be the toughest one, but this is where the display panel members have to set the rules and deal facts with an iron hand. All directors and Country Heads must be responsible towards Corporate Governance and the Finance people especially should run their reports through the board. The board must appoint an independent third party evaluator and auditor to ensure that the reports being presented are correct and any discrepancy must be dealt by terminating the country head and seizing all stock options that the person may have.Termination with seizure of stock options at all levels will mean that the lure of a high stock price will not be a motivating factor in concealing information and we can expect people to take a long term insure of the situation instead of a short term view based on when their stock options might be due. With a personal lure of money gone, the top management would be forced to look at share value in the longer term and hence wont be pushing their direct reports to fudge information.In addition to this, I recommend that one board member be assigned the task of being an auditor and also the point of contact for all kind of tip-offs or corporate governance whistle blowers. This will give the employees all over the company more faith in the system. The biggest problem for whistle blowers or people who have issues with corporate governance is that they fear for their jobs and they fear that if they still have their jobs, they will be treated will disgust in the office for going against what might be termed as normal practice in that division.The presence of a board member as a person who can look into corporate governance issues ensures that people can raise concerns in confidence without the fear or being outcastes at their jobs. This board member of course needs to have a team of people who will investigate the issues that are raised. At the middle management level or at the level where people head departments at country levels, the country head must tighten the leash and implement all corporate policies.The country heads must have audits from outside parties to ensure the authenticity of the financial statements and the systems within the company. At the lower management levels the managers should be responsible for their business. However the ultimate responsibility would be with the middle management. The board member however, should be contactable by everyone within the organization. The organization change needed is to re-align the salary packages of the people who have stock options.This would entail the compensation and benefit s team to look at the packages again and set up a new corporate policy about rewarding and retaining employees. The major change is only for the upper management to ensure that they dont abuse their power to increase the value of their shares. The stock option change will also weed out the people who do not have a longing for working with BMS. It is very important for a company to ensure that their top management is a group of people who take the company close to their heart, and of course these people are there for the long term.Protective climate for whistle blowers The next issue we need to cover is about protecting the whistle blowers. The appointment of a board member to look after the corporate governance issues should quell any fears that a person might have about corporate governance. In addition to this, a very small step that might go a long way is to contain up issues with a pseudo identity, where people can write in and give information without being obligated to divulg e their identity even to the board member.The whistle blowers biggest fear is that their job and career gets jeopardized if it is found out that they were the ones who raised concerns that brought down the whole unit and the jobs of several people. People take it against them and they are outcaste. I also recommend that these people have help from outside sources such as counseling etc that may be needed as they grapple with the effects of being whistle blowers or as they continue to live without talking to anyone about being the whistle blowers.In addition to this, the company should actually owe these people an incentive for doing the company a favor by helping it exposing thing internally and managing the fall out and taking corrective actions. Such revelations by outsiders can be far more damaging and bring the company into disrepute apart from all the lawsuits and the hassles of the law. The board is always responsible for ensuring that things are going on smoothly within the c ompany and ultimate beneficiary of having an internal system that exposes the corporate governance problems within the company actually helps the board save the company and their own reputations.

Characters of the story Essay

Sethe is the star of the invention. The entire novel revolves around her (Morrison 1). It withal talks of the people who are her children, her lover and her relatives. She is a slave in Kentucky. She escaped from the earn residence named Sweet Home because they had died. The new slave owner, the instill t severallyer, was too harsh on them. Thus, Sethe and the other slaves could not bear the inhuman treatment of the school teacher thus forcing them to fight back. This fighting back was in the form of running away. Sethe and the other slaves had to run away to freedom. However, Sethe was discovered barely a calendar month after her bold escape.Upon being caught, Sethe slit the throat of her child, heartfelt, in order to keep her from suffering under thralldom when she grows up to womanhood. Sethe stands out from the normal African American slaves because she is bold and independent minded. This is what inspires her kind. She even proudly stated to capital of Minnesota D. that sh e will not run away from things on this earth. However, Sethes life has no direction. She spends most of her waking hours in her home, 124, trying to allow for her past where she killed her own daughter, Beloved, and she was raped by a uninfected American. This murder occurred when escaped Sethe was caught by the white Americans.Sethe would always miss her Beloved child even after killing her. Two men caught Sethe in Mother Baby Suggs house and took her milk from her. Thus, she was not able to feed her human milk to her children . Paul D was an African American slave in Kentucky. He escaped from his white owners only after Sethe successfully made her get away. Paul D. continuously tried to run away for eighteen years but he was caught each time. And, he at last reached Sethes front steps in Cincinnati after his last escape try was successful. Paul D. also had a past that he rather forget because he considered it as a nightmare.He locks up this sad part of his past in his tobacco tin part of his heart. For, his secretive past shame was that he was often imprisoned in a cube that lay in a ditch. The reincarnated Beloved seduces Paul D. and tells him to accept his past as a normal part of life. Beloved aids him to finally lay his heavy load of a horrible past to rest. He is steadfast in his architectural plan not to love anything in life too much because it would be only temporary. Martin Bidney stated that I want to show that one of Morrisons headway goals in Beloved is to rethink and transform major British romantic poets.By taking a romanticist tour of Beloved, we can see with what ball over originality she reshapes the literary past . Beloved is the third child of Sethe, the main character of the novel. She was murdered by Sethe at the age of one. She stayed on as a creep for the next twenty years in 124. She is reincarnated on her twenty first year. However, she has the mind of the child. He return was imputable to her desire to be caressed by her scram and to avenge her death at the hands of Sethe. She tries to comprehend why her own mother would kill her.She symbolizes the many African Americans killed because of the color of their skin. For, sixty million Africans that were kidnapped and forcibly packed like fishes in the rattling tight ocean going vessels to be sold into slavery. Beloved had come back from the other world to spoken language such hotly contested issues as justice for the slaves, morality and slavery . One Toni Morrisons intentions for this novel was that the composition would not end with the Paul D. rather, she wants this story to be told and retold so that many people from the current and future generations will not forget the slave past of African Americans.For, Paul D. finally place to rest his nightmare as a former slave by accepting it as part of his heritage. Beloved successfully opened the eyes of Paul D. to finally accept his past and to move on . 2. 1. 1 Baby Suggs Baby Suggs is Sethes mother in law. She is the mother of her husband, African American Halle. The novel states that Baby Suggs had died eight years ago. Baby Suggs was given freedom by her white American owners. She was happy that her owner informed that she is a free woman. She feels that that she instantly owns the different parts of her body.She encouraged her fellow African Americans to love themselves for what they are. She spread the word that her fellow African Americans should endure all that the White Americans placed on them and everything would turn out fine . 2. 1. 2 Denver She is the living daughter of Sethe. She felt that the arrival of Paul D. has left her alone in a comminuted corner of her mothers home. Paul D. and Sethe often stayed to make love. Sethe feels that three is crowd because her mother and Paul D. were too busy sharing love with each other. And, Sethe feels that the boys and the girls of her time did not want to be her friends.She does not feel lonely because her lonely hours ar e spend conversing with her only friend. This friend is the ghost of Beloved. However, the ghost of Beloved is finally driven off by Paul D. 2. 1. 3 Howard & Buglar They are the two other children of Sethe. They ran away from Sethe when they were still thirteen years old . 2. 1. 4 Stamp Pride Stamp Pride is another African American slave. He had to endure his horrible past. This past was his that he was forced to give his wife away to the white Americans so that she could be their sex toy. Stamp Pride worked actively against the forceful taking of his wife .2. 2 Racism Beloved focuses on racism. The African slaves are classified as animals by the people during this time period. The novel focuses on the school teacher. The school teacher likens the slaves not as a human being but only as an animal. This means that they are just like the pet dogs and the working horses that egg whites own in their farms. As animals, the Caucasian owners can do whatsoever they please with their prop erty. And, the slaves are classified as property that the owners definitely will be useful in the farms of the slave states especially in the Southern United States territories.The African Americans are portrayed by the Beloved novel literally as having the same five senses that the Caucasian owners have. The slaves also have the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, touch and taste . Evidently, the novel Beloved emphasizes that the African American slaves are also human beings and should not be treated like familiar cats, dogs, horses or any other work animals. The novel is replete with voluminous pages showing that the African Americans are torn between fighting for their freedom from slavery or to just accept the stark reality that they were born to be harnessed just like pet dogs and horses.Also, the tune period of the story is very volatile as evidenced by the thousands who have died on both the Union side under Robert E. Lee and the Confederate side under popular Ulysses S. Gr ant. The civil war was fought by the Union soldiers because they wanted to free the slaves. The Confederate soldiers fought the war because they felt they had to break away from the United States and form a evidence nation where slavery is allowed . The novel raises the issue of racism throughout the entire novel. It defines what freedom is to the slaves. Baby Suggs felt that she was free.However she had to right to privacy and property. For, the White Americans could hie into her home and search her place anytime of the day without need to ask for her permission. This what the white Americans did when they stormed her place to search for the escaping Sethe who brought along her children four children. Also, the Paul D. was not allowed to love whatever he wanted to love due to African American lineage. Racism is very evident because the African Americans had to wait in line for the white Americans to complete their grocery purchases before they were allowed to enter and buy groce ry items.The author, Morrison, emphasizes that being a free slave does not only mean NOT belonging to any white American. Racism has caused a break up of the African American families. For, the children of the African Americans would be taken away from them by their owners never to be seen again. This is due to the fact that Slaves are the property of their masters . 2. 3 Kentucky the 1800s Kentucky in the 1800s was a time where owning a slave is normal human activity. Also, many slave rebellions cropped up during this time period. People like John Trumbull had to find ways to fight out any revolt from their slaves .